the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
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polygraph test
Test that measures respiration, blood pressure, and perspiration while person is asked a series of questions; outcome is a diagnostic opinion about honesty.
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heart rate
A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.
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pulse
Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
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respiratory rate
number of breaths per minute
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trace evidence
small but measurable amounts of physical or biological material found at a crime scene
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hair cortex
Middle, thickest portion of a hair shaft
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hair cuticle
Outermost layer of hair; consisting of a single, overlapping layer of transparent, scale-like cells that look like shingles on a roof.
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hair medulla
innermost portion of a hair shaft
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ridge pattern
recognizable pattern of ridges in a fingerprint
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Fingerprint Minutiae
characteristics of ridge patterns
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Forensic Science
The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.
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another name for red blood cells
erythrocytes
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Another name for white blood cells
leukocytes
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another name for platelets
thrombocytes
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function of red blood cells
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
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Function of white blood cells
fight infections
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function of platelets
blood clotting
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Function of plasma
mostly made of water, transports materials in blood, allows for diffusion into/out of blood
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Hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells
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positive control
Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results.
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negative control
Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.
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presumptive test
test that presumes the presence of the questioned substance; also called a screening test.
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confirmatory test
a test that specifically identifies one substance
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Blood antigens
Proteins found on the erythrocyte cell surface. (A, B, and Rh) are used to differentiate blood groups.
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Antibodies
Proteins that attach to antigens, keeping them from harming the body
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Hypothesis
a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.
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independent variable
The experimental factor that is manipulated by the scientist
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dependent variable
what is measured or observed in an experiment
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Cell
The basic unit of structure and function in living things
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Nucleus
An organelle that contains genetic material
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Histones
protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.
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Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
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Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific (protein) trait
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Genome
All the genetic information in an organism; all of an organism's chromosomes.
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Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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base pairs
Any of the pairs formed between complimentary bases in the two nucleotide chains of DNA, such as A-T and C-G (DNA)
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Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
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prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
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Organelle
A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
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Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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DNA profile
a visual representation of a person's unique DNA sequence
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restriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases)
Enzymes that recognize specific double-stranded DNA sequences and cuts it
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PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
technique that allows molecular biologists to make many copies of a particular gene
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Recognition site (restriction site)
specific sequence where a restriction enzyme will cut (palindrome)
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restriction digest
A technique in which restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences.
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gel electrophoresis
Procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs)
Differences in DNA sequence that can result in different patterns on an agarose gel
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DNA ladder (marker)
set of known DNA fragments with different sizes in base pairs or kilo bases. these DNA fragments are separated and visualized as DNA bands on a gel. used to determine the size and quantity of DNA fragments
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DNA Bands
lines on the agarose gel once stained
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well
hole in a agarose gel where DNA is inserted
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agarose gel
a jelly-like slab used to separate molecules on the basis of molecular weight
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micropipettor
instrument used to accurately withdraw and dispense very small amounts of reagents in the microliter range, which is necessary for DNA
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Accuracy
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.
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Precision
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
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