Exam 4 

@@Characteristics of All Animals@@

• Eukaryotic Cell without a cell wall
• Multi-cellular
• Ability to move
• Heterotrophic
  • Cannot make its own food

@@Monophyletic Groups@@

• Presence of Specialized Cells (Specific Function)
  • Tissue - Group or layer of S.C.
  • Skin - Epithelial cells
  • Cardiac - Muscle cells
• Symmetry
  • Asymmetrical - No line of symmetry (Sponges)
  • Radial - Sectioned into identical halves
  • Bilateral - Split into a mirror image
• Gut Formation
  • Protostomes - Mouth first
  • Deuterostomes - Mouth second
  • One direction (mouth to anus or anus to mouth)
• Growth
  • Molting - Shedding outer covering
  • Continuous - Adding to their existing body

@@Characteristics Unique@@

• Specialized Cells
• Radial/Bilateral
• Protostomes
  • Continuous/Moltin
• Deuterostomes

@@Polyphyletic Groups@@

• Invertebrates - No backbone (95% of animals)
• Vertebrates - Have backbone

@@Animals@@

• Sponges (Phylum Porifera)
  • No tissue
  • Hollow tubes or canals
  • Feed through pores
  • Free swimming larvae
  • Move as adults
• Cnidaria
  • Radially symmetrical
  • Tentacles with stingers
  • Sea Anemones
  • Tentacles on top of body
  • Free swimming larvae and adults move a few inches
  • Corals
  • Secrete calcium carbonate shell
  • Energy from algae (zooxanthellae
  • Z gives oxygens and nutrients
  • C gives C02
• Worms
  • Flatworms
  • Well defined and tail regions
  • Grow by adding
  • Herm.
  • Asexual and sexual
  • Mouth = anus
  • Roundworms
  • Unsegmented
  • Strong, flexible cuticle
  • Molt
  • Segmented
  • Polychaeta
    • Marine worms (lateral bristles)
  • Oligochaeta
    • Earth
    • Burrow in ground
    • Adds nutrients to the soil
  • Hirudinea
    • Leeches
    • Not all bloodsuckers
    • Eat other worms, snails, and insect larvae
• Mullusca
  • Shell
  • Mantle (tissue forms the shell)
  • Radula (tongue structure)
  • Body Mass
• Gastropoda
• Bivalvia
• Cephalopoda
• Arthropoda
• Millipedes/Centipedes
• Chelicerates
• Crustaceans
• Insects

@@Adaptive Radiation@@

• Metamorphosis and ==ability to fly== (Insects)
  • ==Escape from predators==
  • ==Move from one place to another==
  • Complete/==Incomplete==
  • Division of organisms into 3 stages (83%)
  • ==Doesn’t pass through separate stages (17%)==

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@@From Water to Land@@

• Respiration - Need to breath air
  • Lungs
• Gravity - Structure
  • Limbs and vertebrae
• Eggs - Eggs dry up
  • Waterproof eggshell

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@@Chordata@@

@@Groups@@

• Mammals
  • Monotremes - Eggs
  • Marsupial - Young develop outside moms body
  • Placental - Inside mother and placenta
• Tetrapods (Four Feet)
  • Non-amniotes - Gelatinous eggs that do not have shell
  • Laid in or near water
  • Amphibians (Dual Life)
  • Amnoites - Eggs have protective shells or fluid filled sac (Reptiles and birds)
• Vertebral Column
  • Lampreys
• Jaw, Paired Appendages
  • Cartilaginous Fishes
• Intenal Bony Skeleton
  • Fay-Finned Fishes
• Lobed Appendages
  • Laobe-Finned Fishes
• Legs with Multiple Digits
  • Amphibians
• Amniotic Egg
  • Reptiles and Birds
• Mammary Glands, Hair
  • Mammals
• Groups
• Mammals
  • Monotremes - Eggs
  • Marsupial - Young develop outside moms body
  • Placental - Inside mother and placenta
• Tetrapods (Four Feet)
  • Non-amniotes - Gelatinous eggs that do not have shell
  • Laid in or near water
  • Amphibians (Dual Life)
  • Amnoites - Eggs have protective shells or fluid filled sac (Reptiles and birds)

^^Groups^^

• Protist
  • Algae
• Plants
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Cant move
  • Cell wall
  • Alternation of Generations
• Fungi
  • Eukarya (Mono)
  • Hetero - Decomposers or symbionts
  • Moving
  • Cell Wall (Chitin)

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^^From Water to Land^^

• Gravity - Grow low to the ground
• Desiccation (Drying out) - Traps in water

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^^Stationary Life Cons^^

• Obtaining Nutrients
  • Can’t move to sunlit
  • Store
• Finding a Mate
  • Disperse pollen
• Resisting Predation
  • Thorns or toxins

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^^Plants^^

• Non- Vascular - Earliest
  • Water and nutrients (diffusion)
  • Haploid spores
  • Multicellular haploid and diploid
• Seedless Vascular - Next split
• Water and nutrients (circulatory system)
• Haploid spores
• Multicellular haploid and diploid
• Seeded Vascular - Last big split
• Gymnosperms - Cone producing
  • Pine, furs and redwoods
• Angiosperms - Flower producing
  • Fruit and nut trees, grasses, cactus and herbs

^^Alternation of Generation^^

• Sporophyte - Diploid with spores
• Gametophyte - Haploid, ^^prothallus^^
  • Male and female need water for fert.

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^^Flower^^

^^Flower Reproduction^^

• ^^Pollination^^
  • ^^Trickery^^
  • ^^Bribery^^
• ^^Seed Dispersal^^
  • ^^Hitching a ride^^
  • ^^Flying and floating^^
  • ^^Food Source^^

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^^Double Fert.^^

• Two sperms. One fert. the egg the other fert. endosperm.
• More energy efficient
• Do it rapidly (small size)

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^^Fungi Uses and Relationships^^

• Relationships
  • Symbionts
  • Fungus get sugar
  • Plant get nutrients
• Uses
  • Food Source -Cap
  • Antibiotic - Penicillium
  • Bread - Yeast
  • Bioluminescent -Glow in dark

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%%Organization of Life%%

• Domain -Dont
• Kingdom - Kill
• Phylum -People
• Class - Cuz
• Order -Other
• Family
• Genus - Get
• Species -Sad
• Specific Epithet - Species name is the Genus and Species
• Three Domains
  • Bacteria - 1 King.
  • Archaea - 1 King.
  • Eukarya - 3 Dom. 6 King.

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%%Microbes%%

• An organism that cant be seen without a microsope
  • In all 3 Domains
  • Genetically diverse: 500,000
  • Live almost every place on Earth 5F - 750
  • Eat anything
  • Abundant
• Evolution
  • Bacteria and Archaea (Prokaryotic)
  • Eukarya
  • Arose from endosymbiosis - Lrg. cell engulfed another

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%%Bacteria%%

• </li>
• Shapes
  • Cocci - Spherical
  • Bacilli - Rod
  • Spirilla - Spiral

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