Chemical Bonding

chemical bond

forces of attraction that hold atoms and ions together

ionic bonds

complete transfer of 1 or more electrons from one atom to another (one loses, the other gains), forming oppositely charged ions that attract one another

covalent bonds

some valence electrons shared between atoms

metallic bonds

holds atoms of a metal together

electronegativity

the ability of a bonded atom to attract electrons towards itself

ionic

equal to or greater than 1.67

polar covalent

greater than 0.3 but less than 1.67; unequal sharing of valence electrons

nonpolar covalent

0.0 to 0.3; equal sharing of valence electrons

electrostatic attraction

aka coulombic attraction; the attraction between unlike charges, found in ionic bonds

bond pairs

shared valence electrons

lone pairs

unshared valence electrons

hybridization

the combining of atomic orbitals of different energy into orbitals of equivalent energy

some atoms’ atomic radii are not large enough

why do not all atoms require an octet?

2

how many electrons does H require?

4

how many electrons does Be require?

6

how many electrons do B require?

resonance

gives all possibilities of Lewis structures for a molecule

formal charge

used to determine the most correct Lewis structure for resonance

difference in electronegativity

how is bond polarity determined?

VSEPR

valence shell electron pair repulsion; electrons around the central atom attempting to move as far from each other as possible to minimize repulsive forces

sigma bond

a single covalent bond