Chapter 10 - Liquids and Solids

Liquid carbon dioxide

________ released from the extinguisher into the environment at 1 atm immediately changes to a vapor.

structures of crystalline solids

The ________ are most commonly determined by X- ray diffraction.

Ductile

________: Can be drawn to form a wire.

Diffraction

________ is due to constructive interference when the waves of parallel beams are in phase and to destructive interference when the waves are out of phase.

Metals

________ are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity, malleability, and ductility.

Electrons

________ must be in singly occupied molecular orbitals to conduct a current.

London dispersion forces

In the Group 8A solids, the noble gas elements are attracted to each other with ________.

Equilibrium

________: No further net change occurs in the amount of liquid or vapor because the two opposite processes exactly balance each other.

Sublimation

________: A process in which a substance goes directly from the solid to the gaseous state.

alcohol's methanol

The ________ and ethanol have much higher boiling points than would be expected from their molar masses because of the polar O- H bonds in these molecules, which produce hydrogen bonding.

Table sugar

________, on the other hand, is composed of neutral molecules that are dispersed throughout the water when the solid dissolves.

Diffractometer

________: A computer- controlled instrument used for carrying out the X- ray analysis of crystals.

plot of temperature

Heating curve: A(n) ________ versus time for a process where energy is added at a constant rate.

p-n junction

The ________ has revolutionized electronics; modern solid- state components contain ________ in printed circuit 10.6 Molecular Solids.

Alloy

________: a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties.

Silicon

________ is also an important constituent of the compounds that make up the earths crust.

vapor pressure

Measurements of the ________ for a given liquid at several temperatures show that ________ increases significantly with temperature.

Liquids

________ exhibit many characteristics that help us understand their nature.

crystalline solid

The positions of the components in a(n) ________ are usually represented by a lattice.

net number of spheres

Knowing the ________ (atoms) in a particular unit cell is important for many applications involving solids.

large atoms

The dispersion forces in molecules with ________ are quite significant and are often actually more important than dipole- dipole forces.

Molecules

________ with dipole moments can attract each other electrostatically by lining up so that the positive and negative ends are close to each other.

phase diagram

The ________ for water shows which state exists at a given temperature and pressure.

Hydrogen bonding

________ has a very important effect on physical properties.

energy level diagram

In the ________ for diamond, there is a large gap between the filled and the empty levels.

interstitial alloy

A(n) ________ is formed when some of the interstices (holes) in the closest packed metal structure are occupied by small atoms 10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids.

liquid state

The ________ has strong intermolecular forces and significant molecular motions.

ceramic contains

A(n) ________ two phases: minute crystals of silicates that are suspended in glassy cement.

molecular orbitals

The existence of empty ________ close in energy to filled ________ explains the thermal and electrical conductivity of metal crystals.

Ceramics

________ seem an obvious choice for constructing jet and automobile engines in which the greatest fuel efficiencies are possible at very high temperatures.

Octahedral holes

________ are formed between two sets of three spheres in adjoining layers of the closest packed structures.

Molecular complexity

________ leads to higher viscosity because very large molecules can become entangled with each other.

Ionic solids

________ such as NaCl and NaF have very high melting points and enthalpies of fusion because of the strong ionic forces in these solids.

characteristic of liquid water

If energy is added, the motions of the molecules increase, and they eventually achieve the greater movement and disorder ________.

Surface tension

________: The resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area.

Metals

________ conduct electricity and heat very efficiently because of the availability of highly mobile electrons.

vapor pressures

The melting and boiling points for a substance are determined by the ________ of the solid and liquid states.

phase diagram

A(n) ________ is a convenient way of representing the phases of a substance as a function of temperature and pressure.

Crystalline solids

________: Highly regular arrangement of their component.

Hydrogen bonding

________ is also important in organic molecules.

Ionic solids

________ are stable, high- melting substances held together by the strong electrostatic forces that exist between oppositely charged ions.