Medical Terminology Chapter 10: The blood System

Aggluitn/o

Clumping

Eosino

Rosy red

Erythr/o

Red

Hemo, hemat/o

Blood

Leuk/o

White

Phag/o

Eating, devouring

Plasma

The clear liquid that makes up more than half of the blood in the body

Platelets

Cells that circulate in the blood that are needed for blood clotting and wound healing

Main groups of plasma proteins

Albumin, globulin, fibronogen, and prothrombin

Albumin

Helps regulate water movement between blood and tissue

Alpha and beta globulins

Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

Gamma globulins

Arise in the lymphatic tissue and function as part of the immune system

Eletrophoresis

Electrical currents that attract different proteins to move in the direction of the electricity

Centrifuged

Spins blood to separate its elements

Plasmapheresis

Process that uses centrifuging to take a patients blood and return only red cells to that patient

Fibrinogen and prothrombin

Essential for blood coagulation

Coagulation

The process of clotting

Thromboplastin

Released by platelets when clumped at the site of an injury

Combines with calcium and various clotting factors to form fibrin clot

Thrombin

An enzyme that helps in the formation of the clot

Heparin

Prevents clots from forming during normal circulation

Erythrocytes

RBCs

Solid part of the blood that is suspended in the plasma

Leukocytes

WBCs

Fights infection, protects against disease

Platelets

Thrombocytes

Help with clotting; Adhere to damaged tissue and to one another to control blood loss from a blood vessel

Hematocrit

Measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells

Done as part of CBC

Stem cells

Immature blood cells in the bone marrow

Become differentiated when they enter the blood stream

Differential

The percentage of each type of white blood cell in the bloodstream

Differentiated

Specialized in their purpose

Granulocytes

Have a granular cytoplasm and have nuclei with several lobes.

Released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma

3 types of granulocytes

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Basophils

Less than 1% of WBCs

Stain dark purple in the presence of alkaline dyes

Release heparin and histamine

Eosinophil

Make up 1-3% of WBCs

Stain bright red in the presence of an acidic red dye (eosin)

Kill parasites and to help control inflammations and allergic reactions

Neutrophils

Most plentiful WBC

Do not stain distinctly with either acidic or alkaline dye

Remove small particles of unwanted material from blood stream

Agranulocytes

Have cytoplasm with no granules

Work to coordinate the body's defense system against infectious agents

2 types of agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes

Lymphocytes

Make up about 25-33% of WBCs

Important to immune system

Monocytes

Largest blood cells, make up 3-9% of WBCs

Destroy large unwanted particles

Erythropoietin

Hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Structure change in stem cells

When stem cells mature into erythrocytes they lose their nucleus and become biconcave

Hemoglobin

A protein within red blood cells that aids in the transport of oxygen to the cells of the body

Oxygen-rich RBCs

Bright red

Oxygen-poor RBCs

Deep burgundy

What is hemoglobin made of?

Heme and globin

Heme

A pigment containing iron in hemoglobin

Globin

A protein in hemoglobin

How long do erythrocytes live?

120 days

Macrophages

Cells formed from stem cells that consume damaged or aged cells

Red blood cell count

The average number of RBCs in 1 cubic milimeter of blood (4.5 to 5.5 million cells)

Red blood cell count in males

4.6-6.4 million cells per microliter

Red blood cell count in females

4.2-5.4 million cells per microliter

Megakarytocytes

Large cells that break off into platelets

How long do platelets live?

10 days

Agglutination

Clumping of antigens

Danger in transfusing blood of a different type

Universal donor

Type O blood

Universal recipients

Type AB blood

Rh factor

A type of antigen first identified in rhesus monkeys

Eosinopenia

Abnormally low count of eosinophils

Leukoblast

Immature white blood cell

Erythrocyte

RBC

Thrombocyte

Cell involved in blood clotting

Agglutinogens

Cause the production of aggluinin

Phagocyte

Cell that consumes other substances, such as bacteria

Hemodialysis

External dialysis performed by separating solid substances and water from the blood

Cytoplasm

The solution that fills the cell and that is enclosed by the cell membrane

Complete blood count (CBC)

Common screen for basic medical checkup

Blood chemistry

Test of plasma for presence of most substances, such as glucose, cholesterol, uric acid, and electrolytes

Biochemistry panel

Group of automated tests for various common diseases or disorders

Blood indices

Measurement of size, volume, and content of RBCs

Blood culture

Test of a blood specimen in a culture in which microorganisms are observed; test for infections

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Test for rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma; indicator of inflammation and/or tissue injury

White blood cell differential and red blood cell morphology

Test for number of types of leukocytes and shape of RBCs

Platelet count (PLT)

Test for number of thrombocytes in a blood sample

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

Test for coagulation defects

Prothrombin time (PT)

Test for coagulation defects

Antiglobulin test

Test for antibodies on red blood Coombs' test

White blood count (WBC)

Number of white blood cells in a sample

Done as part of CBC

Red blood count (RBC)

Number of red blood cells in a sample

Done as part of CBC

Hemoglobin (HGB, Hgb)

Level of hemoglobin in blood

Done as part of CBC

Phlebotomy, venipuncture

The withdrawal of blood for examination

Dyscrasia

A general term for any disease of the blood with abnormal material present

Anemia

The general term for a condition in which the RBCs do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues due to a deficiency in number or quantity of red blood cells