Studied by 4 people
between what years did the majority of the SPD and trade unions support the war?
1914-1916
why did support for the war by the working class deteriorate in summer 1916?
food shortges due to a cold winter
inspired by the russian revolution
mass war casualties
auxillary service act 1916
how many berlin workers went on strike in january 1916?
400,000
what was the concequence of the berlin strikes
it spread to the rest of the country with 1 million on strike in less than a month
what happened at the end of ww1 politically for germany
fall of the kaiserrich and the creation of the weinmar republic
what did the new Weinmar constitution promise for german urban workers?
equal rights with employers in determining working conditions and hours
between 1870-1890 how much did the urban popualtion icnrease?
x2
in 1890-1910 how much did the urban population increase?
x2
between 1910-1940 how much did the urban population increase
36%
what was the ppualtion in berlin in 1919 as opposed to in 1925
1919- 1 million
1925- 4 million
how much did urban wages increase by in 1927?
9%
How much did urban wages increase by in 1928?
12%
how many houses were bult in the weinmar period and why
2 million to allevialte overcrowding
what type of insurance was introduced in the weinmar period
unemployment insurance
what was the argest political party in the weinmr period
the SPD
what affected the progres of the urban working class by the end of the weinmar period
the econocmi crisis of 1929
how many were unemployed by 1933
9 million ( economic crisis)
did the working class support hitler and the nazis
no they continued to support the SPD or KPD
when was nazi rule?
19330-1945
how did the nazis increase emploement for the urban working class
public works schemes and rearmament programmes
how was the urban working class restricted under early nazi rule
banned ability to strike and banned trade unions
between 1929-1938 how much did the working class grow and why
10% - as german industry grew in preparation for war
why was their increased urbanistation in west germany from 1945?
considerable economic growth fulled greater movement to large industrial centres and a shift in the focus of German economics
what percentage worked in rural areas in 1950 comapred to in 1970?
1950- 23%
1970-8%
how much did the german popualtion increase between 1950-1980?
50%
who changed the demogrpahic of the working class in germany?
Guest workers
how many guest workers by 1966?
1.2 million
what did bismarck want to maintain with the 1871 governemnt `
limting the right to vote
what challenged the domiancne of prussia
the SPD and working class
what did bismark try to do in 1878
attempted to maintain peace in Europe through the Congress of Berlin, where he aimed to address territorial disputes and prevent conflicts.
what did bismark introduce in 1883 in hope of attracting the support of the working class
Health Insurance Bill in 1883 to attract the support of the working class.
what were german workers over 60 given in 1889?
given a pension
what did bismarks welfare scheme not improve?
Working conditions for laborers
Social welfare for the unemployed
Women's rights and equality
Educational opportunities for all social classes
when did the progemame for guest workers end but what did the governemnt do
1973
but the government allowed many to remain in west germany
what did old guest workers do after 1973
turkish workers settled in cities such as berlin and affected the economic and cultural life of germany’s urbanised centres
when and what was Bismarck’s anti socialist legislation
outlawed trade union movement
outlawed SPD
supressed newspapers
jailed leading SPD members
how did bismarck hope to gain the support of the working class despite his anti scoialsit legislation
through introducing a social security scheme
when did bismarck introduce free medical treetment and how was sit funded
in 1883
funded by workers and employers
when did bismarck extend accident insuracne and how many pople were inlcuded un it
1884
7 million workers used it
what were workers given in 1889
a pension from the age of 70 or earlier if disabled
what did bismarcks reforms set up
europes first ever widespread welfare system
why did his legislation fail to achieve his polictcal goal
workers continued to support the banned SPD as they recognised that the welfare system was set up to combat support for the SPD
what did bismarck refuse to consider in his legislation
set working hours
child labour restrictions
sunday rest day
when and why did the artisan tradition come under sever threat
rapid industrialisation
mechanised factories produced cheaper goods than artisans could by hand
what busisinessed in particualr saw a decline
weavers and dyers
between 1882 and 1895 how much did one man artisan businesses decline
13.5%
what did economists fear would happen to artisan businesses and tradition
it would die ou completely in Germany
what did artisanas feel challeneged by
the political elite and growing powers of socialists and trade unions
what did artisanas lack politically and what did this lead to
a party that represented their views leading to artisans embracing radical political partiys
when did it become clear that artisans would survive the german industrialisation
1900
why did artisans survive
new methods and tools allowed them to adapt to increasing competition
shopkeepers and traders joined them to form an angry sector of society
governemnt introduced the protectorist craft laws in 1897
what did the governemnt introduce for artisans in 1897
the protectorist craft laws
what did artisans feel threatened by under weinmar
growing consumeris and construction of large shopping complexes wh
who were artisans attracted to and why under weinmar
the nazis and they promised to protect the artisan tradition
who provided the solid base for the fledgling nazi party in the 1920s
craftsmen, shopkeepers, small businesses
why did artisans support the nazis
anti communist
25 point programme supported small businesses
how did the nazi 25 point programme support small businesses
wholesale businesses would be shut down and their premises givern sot small traders at a cheaper rate
artisans given greater consideration by the state
how much of nazi support was skilled workers
33%
how much of the popualtion did skilled wokers make up
27%
what measures did hitler pass to heklp artisans in 1933
trade unions crushed
department stores restricted
artisans protected from competition
cracked down on employment of low paid, unskilled wormkers
all new artisan shops had to gain permission before being set up- ensured good practice
what was a negative nazi action fore the artisans
they ensured artisans were less important than the interest of big industry
rejected artisans calls for de industriaisation
what was clear abou the german economny by 1934 and how
the nazis would prioritise big industry as thwy launched into full scale rearmamanet through mass industrialisation
what happened to the artisan popuation in the years pre ww2
delcined
what did artisans have to do in 1935 and why
pass the master examination in their craft to ensure a high level of skill was maintained
what good thing did the nazis do for atrisans in 1935?
ordered all uniform from atrisan traders
how much did the artisan population increase between 1931 to 1936
by 1/5th
what happned to department stores in 1936
beagn to grow
how much did department stores turnover increase by 1939 and why
10%
became major employers and able to keep up to 90,000 in work
what impact did nazi fears of unemployment have on artisans
helped larger chain stores survive and grow
what did the nazis do to artisans when war was approaching
attempted torestrict them declaring that they were too numerous
they closed shops decalaring them not economically justified
wht did the artisans who survived nazi closures do
formed cooperatives or used slave labour
what was west german growth drivern by
big industry but artisans played a small role too
why was the west german economic model good for atrisans
it gave them special status and a role in organising/ overseeing training of skilled workers
hoe mnay german traders were employed in artisan trades by 1955
3.5 million
what heppened to artisan cooperatives in west germany
expanded further and small businesses prospered ina financially competitive economy
wht did west germaby do succesfully for artisans
buiklt a reputation for german exports whilst ensuring artisanas maintained an importnat role in the economy
what occured for the peasantry under bismarck and whilhelm
considerable political disussion concerning the ongoing role of agriculture within the industrialising economy wha
what did the junkers do for the peasantry under bismarck and why
vested interest in protecting the rural economy as it relied on large farm holdings for its wealth
what was the agrarian league pressure group and when was it formed
1893
hunker backed group to fight against moves by the governemnt to weaken tariffs against agricultural imports
how did ww1 affect agriculture
loss of workers during the war lead to a decline in agricultural production
fertilisers and fuel prioritised for the war effort
food shortages
what happed to agriculture under weinmar
price slump, bankrupcy and a loss of farms
due to better farming practices in dnamrk and the netherlands causing growing global competition in the food market
what worsened the agricultural decline and price slump under weinamar
the economic depression of 1929
what did the nazis do for agriculture
prmoted rurual germany as the heart of tradition and culture as opposed to degenerate cities
romantisised the german rural life and farming
what policies did the nazis introduce for agriculture
laws to protect farms from forced sales
garunteed high agricultural prices for german goods
what did the nazis fail to do for agriculture
to stop the decline as the grwoth of industruial economy encouraged further migration from rural areas
what worsened the pressure on farms during the nazis
ww2 requirements to be self sufficient
why did agriagriculturecukture improve in west germany
better farming practices and mechanisation
greater efficiency in the west german agricultureal sector
land was consolidated into larger farms
improved productivity
how did west germany improve agricultural mechanisation
subsidised the cost of machinery and demmanded the produce was high quality
downfall fo agricultutal mechanisation in west germany
cased a fall in the workforce
how much did the agricukltural workforce decline between 19509-1960
50%
what did industrialisation under bismarck lead to an emergence of
white collar workers
vaguley what did the rise of white collar workers lead to
economic growth, poltiifcal change, need for jobs in administration teaching legal and science
how much did the civil service grow in prussia between 1850 to 1907 due to whoite collar workers
40,000 to 250,000
how much did school teacher employemnt incerase nby between 1891 to 1913 due to white collar workers
43%
by how much did rhe number of doctors increase between 1876 to 1913 due to white collar workers
x2
what was the impact o greater social mobility in the kaiserreich
germans from lower middle classes could take up higher skilled and better paid jobs as white collar workers
eg. children of artisans seeking greater prospects through education
what was the shift in artisans and white collar workers between the years 1882 to 1907
white collar workers increased to 10% of pop.
artisans decreased to 18.8% of pop.
what social division occured due to a rise in white collar workers
white collar workers had better pay and housing so viewed themselves as seperate from the working class
wht did white collar workers start to do in 1890s
organised political pressure groups that argued for greater recognition of their importance
what did the white collar wokers form in 1901
the coordinating comittee which argued for seperate state insurance schemes wh
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Flashcard (138)