Method of preparation | Solubility of salt in water | Solubility of reactant in water |
---|---|---|
Titration | Soluble | Soluble |
Reaction of acids | Soluble | Insoluble |
Precipitation | Insoluble | Soluble |
Cation | Effect of aqueous sodium hydroxide | Effect of aqueous ammonia |
---|---|---|
Zinc, Zn+ | White ppt, soluble in excess | White ppt, soluble in excess |
Aluminium, Al3+ | White ppt, soluble in excess | White ppt, insoluble in excess |
Lead (II), Pb2+ | White ppt, soluble in excess | White ppt, insoluble in excess |
Calcium, Ca2+ | White ppt, insoluble in excess | No ppt |
Copper (II), Cu2+ | Light blue ppt, insoluble in excess | Light blue ppt, soluble in excess |
Iron (II), Fe2+ | Green ppt, insoluble in excess | Green ppt, insoluble in excess |
Iron (III), Fe3+ | Red brown ppt, insoluble in excess | Red brown ppt, insoluble in excess |
Ammonium, NH4+ | Ammonia gas is given off when heated | No ppt |
Chromium (III), Cr3+ | Green ppt, soluble in excess | Green ppt, insoluble in excess |
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Anion | Test | Test Result |
---|---|---|
Carbonate, CO32- | Add dilute HCl | Effervescence, carbon dioxide is produced |
Nitrate, NO3- | Add aqueous NaOH, then add aluminium foil and warm carefully | Effervescence, ammonia is given off |
Sulfate, SO42- | Add dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous barium nitrate | White ppt of barium sulfate |
Chloride, Cl- | Add dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate | White ppt of silver chloride |
Iodide, I- | Add dilute nitric acid, then add aqueous silver nitrate | Yellow ppt of silver iodide |
Gas | Test and result |
---|---|
Ammonia | Turns damp red litmus blue |
Carbon dioxide | Turns limewater (calcium carbonate) milky |
Chlorine | Turns blue litmus red, then bleaches it |
Hydrogen | Lighted splint extinguishes with a ‘pop’ sound |
Oxygen | Glowing splint is rekindled |
Sulfur dioxide | Purple acidified potassium manganite VII turns colourless |
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