Axinn and Barber 2001

Parent’s schooling * Educated women: gain new opportunities for status attainment, education = increased opportunity costs of childbearing for women, reduce their desire for children * Structural/demand theories * Ideational theories * 5 related mechanisms that link parents’ education to childbearing behaviour * Contraception * Western family values → small families * Weakened historical family values * Increased consumption aspirations * Increased contraceptive use
Children’s schooling * Wealth flow theory - Caldwell * Children’s schooling: increased costs of children * Quantity-quality trade-off * Limiting quantity of children to increase the educational attainment (quality) of children * Mechanisms: * New expenses * Less influence from parents → children = less value to parents * Increased children independence

Proliferation of schools → mass education
Proximity of schools = limits fertility * Neighbors’ childbearing behavior affects fertility * Presence of schools changes views of childhood * Associated with the spread of government services

Schools spread before health or bus services
Average time to the nearest school declined earlier than the average time to the nearest health/bus service
Mass education: promotes fertility limitation

Living near a school in childhood: limits childbearing in adulthood + increases use of contraception
Living near a health post or a bus service * Increases use of contraception

Husband’s measures of education have a positive influence on permanent contraceptive use * More education = more contraceptive use

Women who live in neighborhoods with a high degree of social change * More likely to limit their childbearing because of nearby educational opportunities

Women who send their children to school have more chances of adopting a permanent contraceptive method * This leads to fertility limitation

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