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Scientific Method
A systematic process for conducting scientific research which includes observation, question formulation, hypothesis development, experimentation, and data analysis.
Control Variables
Variables that are kept constant throughout an experiment to ensure that the test results are valid.
Independent Variable
The variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
The variable that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable.
Beaker
A laboratory container used for mixing, pouring, and heating liquids.
Graduated Cylinder
A tall, narrow container used for measuring the volume of liquid with greater accuracy.
Pipette
A laboratory tool used to transport a measured volume of liquid.
Line Graph
A type of chart used to show information that changes continuously over time.
Bar Graph
A chart that presents categorical data with rectangular bars representing the value of each category.
Cohesion
The property of water molecules to stick to each other, which is responsible for surface tension.
Surface Tension
The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to cohesive forces among liquid molecules.
Hydrophilic
Substances that are attracted to water and can dissolve in it.
Hydrophobic
Substances that repel water and do not dissolve in it.
pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, with lower values being more acidic and higher values being more basic.
Neutral pH
A pH value of 7, which indicates a balance between acidity and basicity.
Cation
A positively charged ion that is attracted to the cathode in electrolysis.
Anion
A negatively charged ion that is attracted to the anode in electrolysis.
Covalent Bond
A type of chemical bond where atoms share electrons.
Ionic Bond
A type of chemical bond formed through the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Phenol Red
A pH indicator that turns yellow in acidic solutions and red in neutral to basic solutions.
Capillary Action
The ability of liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of external forces.
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