Midterm study guide pt1

Content Areas

Lab 1: Scientific Method and GraphingKey Components:Scientific method processes involving observation, question formulation, hypothesis, prediction, and experimentation.

Variables Explained:

• Control Variables: Factors kept constant to ensure valid results.

• Independent Variables: Factors manipulated during experiments.

• Dependent Variables: Results measured in response to the independent variables.

• Control Group: The baseline group not subjected to treatment.

• Experimental Group: The group subjected to treatment and observed for effects.

Lab Equipment:

• Beaker

• Graduated Cylinder

• Pipette

Graphing Basics:Understanding graph types, specifically line and bar graphs.

• Axes: X-axis (independent variable) and Y-axis (dependent variable).

Lab 2: Metric Measurement and Inorganic ChemistryMetric Measurements:Length (meter), volume (liter), and mass (gram).

Metric Prefixes:Centi, Milli, Micro, Nano, and Kilo.

Key Equipment:

• Beaker

• Graduated cylinder

• Pipette

• Electronic balance (with a focus on the 'tare' function).

Inorganic Chemistry Concepts:Definitions:

• Atom

• Molecule

• Compound

Molecular Bonds:

• Ionic Bond: Involves cations and anions.

• Covalent Bond: Distinction between polar and nonpolar bonds.

• Hydrogen Bond description.

Properties of Water:

• Cohesion: Water molecules sticking to each other.

• Surface Tension: The elastic tendency of water's surface.

• Adhesion: Water's ability to stick to other surfaces, illustrated in meniscus formation.

• Capillary Action: Movement of water through narrow spaces.

Solutions:

• Components of Solutions: The relationship between solvent and solute is critical in chemistry.

  • Solvent: The substance in a solution that dissolves the solute; it is typically present in the greatest amount. Solvents can be solid, liquid, or gas; however, in most biological and chemical processes, the solvent is often a liquid, with water being the universal solvent due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many ionic and polar substances.

  • Solute: The substance being dissolved in the solution; it is usually present in a lesser amount compared to the solvent. Solutes can include salts, sugars, acids, or gases, and their presence alters the physical and chemical properties of the solvent.

• Definitions:

• Hydrophilic: Water-attracting substances.

• Hydrophobic: Water-repelling substances.

pH Levels:

• Neutral pH, definitions of acids and bases (alkaline).

• Use of Phenol Red as a pH indicator.