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First civilizations
Developed along rivers with fertile soil from periodic floods- farmers were able to grow a surplus of food, allowing the rise of civilization.
Mesopotamia
The region between the Tigris and Euphrates River; invented the sailboat, irrigation, the wheel, calendar, and bronze.
Egypt
Developed along the Nile River in North Africa; Egyptian society was ruled by a powerful pharaoh-built pyramids.
India
The Indus River deposited rich soil over the neighboring plain.
China
China's first civilization emerged in the fertile plains along the Huang He.
Neolithic Revolution
Occurred in the Middle East 10,000 years ago-people saw they could obtain food by planting seeds.
Food Surpluses
People began to change from hunters and gatherers to producers of food.
Domestication of Animal
People learned to domesticate animals such as goats, sheep, and cattle.
Settlements
People no longer had to wander in search of food and could now establish settlements with permanent homes.
Judaism
The religion of the ancient Hebrews-began in the ancient lands known as Israel- Moses led Jews out of Egyptian slavery.
Monotheism
Belief in one God-Judaism is the first religion to teach this.
Old Testament
History of Jewish people told in the first book of the bible-the Old Testament.
Ten Commandments
Established a moral code of conduct: emphasizes living justly; belief in one God; honoring one's parents not killing or stealing.
Persian Civilization
Persian Empire united by Cyprus the Great- his son,Darius built several connected cities and introduced a uniform set of weights and measures
Persian achievements: use of coins, introduced money economy system, created postal serviceand roads to unify empire
Zoroastrianism
Religion based on Zoroaster- taught there were two gods: light and goodness, and darkness and evil.
Persian Accomplishments
Learned to use coins, moving from barter system to a money economy; built hundreds of roads to unify economy; established a postal service.
Golden age of Greek culture
The Greek enjoyed great prosperity and made significant achievements in art, literature and philosophy during this period.
Philosophers
Athenians believed human reason was powerful enough to understand the world and solve problems-Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, questioned nature and life.
Architecture
Athens created statues and buildings of perfect proportions.
Parthenon
Temple to goddess Athena-High point of Greek architecture.
Aryans
Came to India around 1500 B.C- created city-states in major river valleys; developed Sanskrit writing form; introduced Hinduism to India;new social order developed-caste system.
Mauryan Empire
Asoka allowed all religion in India-built roads and hospitals.
Gupta Empire
Ushered in a " Golden Age of Hindu Culture."-advanced concepts of zero, decimal system-used today
Zhou Dynasty
Believed their was in power due to the Mandate of Heaven.
Qin Dynasty
Shi Huang-ti-first emperor of China-unified China under his rule-Built the Great Wall of China
Han Dynasty
Kept China unified for the next 400 years-selected officials based on examinations-expanded trade through the Silk Road
City-States
Mountains cut off centers off centers of population from each other-led to the development of separate city-states.
Sparta
A city state that was military in nature-life was organized around military needs. At an early age, males were taught to be strong soldiers serving the state.
Athens
Developed world's first democracy, but women, foreigners and slaves were not citizens and could not take part in Athenian government.
Rome
Built on fertile plain in the middle of Italy
Roman Republic
A republic has a system of government by elected representatives-Roman society had two main social classes:patricians and plebians.
Twelve Tables
Roman code of laws that stated that citizens were "equal under the law" and "innocent until proven guilty."
Roman Empire
After uniting Italy, Rome defeated Carthage, and spread to Western Europe-Augustus became the first emperor-Christianity gradually spread.
Hinduism
Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses-all are forms of one Supreme being-believed in reincarnation-being reborn in a new form after death, based on deeds done in past life.
Buddhism
Behan in Indian around 500 B.C-Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha)-rich prince who set off in search of truth. Beliefs-self denial and meditation;one must give up selfish desires to find true peace and harmony; Eight-Fold Path-believed in reincarnation.
Confucianism
Confucius established a philosophy followed in China for centuries-stressed kindness, peace, harmony and following the natural order-each person's role in society is due to his/her position in the universe;in every relationship there is a superior and an inferior;a good ruler should govern justly and for the benefit of his subject.
The Neolithic Revolution occurred when people discovered how to
Grow food and domesticate animals
Archaeological discoveries suggest
The Sumerians in Mesopotamia invented the sailboat
The river valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, the Nile, and Indus were centers of civilization because they
Had fertile soil, fresh water, and warm climates
What is a major characteristic of Judaism?
belief in a single just and all-powerful God
What was one similarity between the ancient civilizations of Egypt and China?
They both had written form of communication
The Code of Hammurabi was a mojor contribution to the development of civiliztion because it
established written laws
Which society was the first to practice direct democracy?
city-state of Athens
One effect of rugged, mountainous geography on the civilization of ancient Greece was the development of
separate, independent city-states
Roman women could own property and make wills leaving their property to whomever they chose. What conclusion can be made from this statement?
Roman women enjoyed some legal rights.
In what way were the Code of Hammurabi and the Twelve Tables of Rome similar?
They established written legal standards.
How did Italy's geography influence the development of the Roman Empire?
The central location of the peninsula contributed to Roman control of the Mediterranean region.
Which ancient civilization is most closely associated with the Twelve Tables, an extensive road system, the invention of concrete, and the spread of Christianity?
Roman
In what way were ancient Egyptian, Hellenistic, and Roman civilizations similar?
They extended their control over other people.
The Roman system of justice is considered a milestone because it
served as a model for many later European legal systems.
Who were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle?
philosophers of ancient Greece
Which culture became known for building marble temples with ideal proportions, statues of athletes with ideal features, and the first works of drama and history?
ancient Greece
One way in which the actions of Cyprus the Great and Alexander the Great were similar was that each
conquered neighboring peoples to build vast empires
Which type of geographic feature served as a barrier that protected ancient China but through which Aryans found a route to ancient India?
mountains
Which belief is most closely associated with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama(Buddha)?
People can overcome their selfish desires by following the Eight-fold Path.
Which belief is shared by both Hindus and Buddhists?
The soul is reborn after death.
One way in which Confucian teachings, the Ten Commandments, and the Eight-fold Path in Buddhism were all similar was that they
provided codes for moral behavior
In China, the development of civil service examinations and belief in filial piety reflect the influence
Confucianism
The caste system in India was characterized by
a lack of social mobility
Which accomplishments are most closely associated with the Gupta Empire?
use of the Sanskrit language and development of the concept of zero
Which religion is most closely associated with self-denial, meditation, the "Four Noble Truths", and nirvana?
Buddhism
How were the collapses of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty similar?
Both societies faced pressure from outside invaders.
The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar in that both
developed extensive trade networks
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