vaccines (althea progress do not interact)

passive

passive/active; natural maternal antibody

passive

passive/active; immune globulin

passive

passive/active; humanized monoclonal antibody

passive

passive/active; antitoxin

active

passive/active; natural infection

active

passive/active; vaccines

active

passive/active; toxoid

passive

naturally acquired; antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in the mother's milk

active

artificially acquired; antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

passive

artificially acquired; preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into body by injection

passive

naturally acquired; antibodies are transferred from mother to offspring, either across the placenta or in breastmilk

active

artificially acquired; healthcare workers introduce antigens in vaccines

passive

artificially acquired; healthcare workers introduce preformed antibodies as antisera and antitoxins into a patient

passive

immunization, in which preformed antibodies are transferred to a recipient, occurs naturally by transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta to the developing fetus

passive

can be achieved by injecting a recipient with preformed antibodies

passive

used in deficiency in synthesis of antibody as a result of congenital or acquired b-cell defects, alone or together with other immunodeficiencies

passive

used in exposure or likely exposure to a disease that will cause complications (e.g., a child with leukemia exposed to varicella or measles), or when time does not permit adequate protection by active immunization

passive

used in infection by pathogens whose effects may be ameliorated by antibody

passive

is routinely administered to individuals exposed to botulism, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis, measles, and rabies

passive

can provide immediate protection to travelers or health-care workers who will soon be exposed to an infectious organism and lack active immunity to it

passive

immunization that generates no memory response and the protection provided is transient

passive

its aim is transient protection or alleviation of an existing condition

active

its aim is to elicit protective immunity and immunologic memory

active

can be achieved by natural infection with a microorganism

active

can be achieved by administration of a vaccine

active

passive/active; the immune system plays an active role—proliferation of antigen-reactive T and B cells results in the formation of memory cells

whole-organism vaccines

kind of vaccine; attenuated viruses

whole-organism vaccines

kind of vaccine; inactivated vaccines

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; toxoids

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; capsular polysaccharides

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; surface antigens

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; inactivated exotoxin

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; polysaccharide + protein carrier

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; polysaccharide

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; recombinant surface antigen

purified macromolecules

kind of vaccine; synthetic peptides

whole-organism vaccines

many of the common vaccines currently in use consist of inactivated (killed) or live but attenuated (avirulent) bacterial cells or viral particles

attenuated

microorganisms can be weakened so that they lose their ability to cause significant disease (pathogenicity) but retain their capacity for transient growth within an inoculated host

attenuated

often can be achieved by growing a pathogenic bacterium or virus for prolonged periods under abnormal culture condition

attenuated

Because of their capacity for transient growth, such vaccines provide prolonged immune-system exposure to the individual epitopes on the attenuated organisms, resulting in increased immunogenicity and production of memory cells

attenuated

these vaccines often require only a single immunization, eliminating the need for repeated boosters

attenuated

possibility that they will revert to a virulent form

attenuated

may be associated with complications similar to those seen in the natural disease

attenuated

production involves selection for avirulent organisms; virulent pathogen is grown under adverse culture conditions or prolonged passage of a virulent human pathogen through different hosts

inactivated

production involves virulent pathogen being inactivated by chemicals or irradiation with gamma rays

dna

it is easily manufactured and purified

attenuated

vaccine that generally requires only a single booster

inactivated

vaccine that requires multiple boosters

dna

vaccine that only needs a single injection

attenuated

vaccine that is less stable

inactivated

vaccine that is more stable

dna

vaccine that is highly stable

inactivated

common approach in vaccine production is inactivation of the pathogen by heat or by chemical means so that it is no longer capable of replication in the host

inactivated

often require repeated boosters to maintain the immune status of the host

inactivated

induce a predominantly humoral antibody response; they are less effective than attenuated vaccines in inducing cell-mediated immunity and in eliciting a secretory IgA response

purified macromolecules

vaccines that consist of specific, purified macromolecules derived from pathogens

purified macromolecules

vaccine type; inactivated exotoxins

purified macromolecules

vaccine type; capsular polysaccharides

purified macromolecules

vaccine type; recombinant microbial antigens

bacterial polysaccharide

depends primarily on the antiphagocytic properties of their hydrophilic polysaccharide capsule; coating of the capsule with antibodies and/ or complement greatly increases the ability of macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose such pathogens

toxoid vaccines

made by purifying the bacterial exotoxin and then inactivating the toxin with formaldehyde

toxoid vaccines

induces anti-toxoid antibodies, which are also capable of binding to the toxin and neutralizing its effect

synthetic peptides

as vaccines has not progressed as originally projected. are not as immunogenic as proteins, and it is difficult to elicit both humoral and cellular immunity to them

recombinant-vector vaccines

Genes that encode major antigens of especially virulent pathogens can be introduced into attenuated viruses or bacteria. The attenuated organism serves as a vector, replicating within the host and expressing the gene product of the pathogen.

dna

In a recently developed vaccination strategy, plasmid DNA encoding antigenic proteins is injected directly into the muscle of the recipient

dna

the encoded protein is expressed in the host in its natural form—there is no denaturation or modification

dna

The immune response is therefore directed to the antigen exactly as it is expressed by the pathogen; also induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity

dna

cause prolonged expression of the antigen, which generates significant immunological memory

dna

An improved method for administering these vaccines entails coating microscopic gold beads with the plasmid DNA and then delivering the coated particles through the skin into the underlying muscle with an air gun

dna

these vaccines are able to induce protective immunity against a number of pathogens, including the influenza virus

multivalent subunit vaccines

is a method for constructing synthetic peptide vaccines that contain both immunodominant B-cell and T-cell epitopes

multivalent subunit vaccines

if a CTL response is desired, the vaccine must be delivered intra-cellularly so that the peptides can be processed and presented together with class I MHC molecules

multivalent subunit vaccines

vaccines that can present multiple copies of a given peptide or a mixture of peptides to the immune system

passive

short-term induced by transfer of preformed antibodies

active

infection or inoculation achieves long-term immunization

recombinant-vector vaccines

including viruses or bacteria, engineered to carry genes from infectious microorganisms, maximize cell-mediated immunity to the encoded antigens

plasmid dna

encoding a protein antigen from a pathogen can serve as an effective vaccine inducing both humoral and cell-mediated immunity