Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Ethnic origin and nutrition
What are the two most important contributing factors to height differences?
Growth hormone deficiency
Absence of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow
Brain growth slows during early childhood
What is the pattern of brain growth in early childhood?
Negatively impact
Contextual factors can _______ brain development
Higher cognitive abilities
Increased myelination in the brain by age 3 is linked to ____________
5
Fine motor development is solid at around age ___
Fine motor development
Comes after toddlerhood
Self confidence
Movement leads to ______
Sudden infant death syndrome
A condition that occurs when infants stop breathing and die without clear reason
Nightmares, insomnia, narcolepsy
Childhood sleep problems include
Egocentric thinking and classifying objects by a single feature
What are two aspects of the Preoperational stage
Symbolic function and intuitive thought
What are the two substrates the Preoperational stage is divided into
Symbolic function substage
Children can mentally represent an object/person that is not present
Children scribble and present their world of people and begin pretend play
Important limitations are egocentrism and animism
Intuitive thought substrate
Children use primitive logic and want answers
Constantly ask why questions
Centration
A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others
Conservation
The awareness that altering an object or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties
Zone of proximal development
Created by Vygotsky. the difference between a child’s actual level of ability and the level of ability that they can achieve when assisted by, or working in cooperation with, older or more experienced partners
Saw inner speech as a way for the child to communicate and start problem solving
What did Vygotsky think of inner speech
Sustained attention
Is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. Also called vigilance
Short term memory
__________ increases during early childhood
Executive function
Consists of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. In early childhood it involves developmental advances in:
Cognitive inhibition
Cognitive flexibility
Goal setting
Delay of gratification
Theory of mind
the understanding that others have intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions different from one’s own and that such intentions, desires, and so forth affect people’s actions and behaviors.
Morphology rules
As children move beyond two word utterances, they demonstrate a knowledge of __________ (EX. Plurals of a word)
3
Increased myelination in the brain by age __, is linked to higher cognitive abilities
Negatively impact
Contextual factors can __________ brain development
When children have lower movement abilities they have lower self confidence
How is movement related to self confidence in children
Characteristics of muscles, joints, and limbs, changes in body weight and mass, development of communication in central nervous system that improves feedback from arms and legs, motivation to move, opportunities to practice
Five factors that influence development of movement
Increanes synaptic connections
What does sleep do to neurons
Positively linked
Sleep may be _________ to cognitive development
Likely occurs because of sleep’s role in brain maturation and memory consolidation
Three mountain task
A child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds, with a doll in the opposite chair. The child is asked how the “mountains” would look to the doll. Used to identify egocentrism
Private speech
Vygotsky believed it was for self regulation. The ability to reason by ourselves and for ourselves
He saw it as very egocentric and immature
How did Piaget see private speech
He saw it as a way for a child to start problem solving
How did Vygotsky see private speech?
James
Who proposed the idea of short term and long term memory?
About 30 seconds
What is the length of short term memory without rehearsal
5-7 years
When does theory of mind develop?
Age 3
Up to What age will children believe there are pencils inside an m and Ms jar in the false belief task?
Extraversion/surgency
Includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter - Kagan’s uninhibited children
Negative affectivity
Includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort; these children are easily distressed - Kagan’s inhibited children
Effortful control
Includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity and low-intensity pleasure. Is an important indicator of self-regulation
Temperament
Is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior
Specific temperaments
Physiological inherited characteristics are linked to ____________. Environment then modifies them
Self-recognition
Develops during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage
The self
Refers to an individual’s own self-awareness.
Our concept of ________ is our beliefs, about our personality and how we perceive our personality
It is a combination of physical and psychological traits
It can change in later years but it is an uphill battle
Can someone’s sense of self change in later years
Through the looking glass self
Is determined by the way others respond to us
Social cognition
Understanding other people’s thoughts and actions as well as our own
Extended self
A self that is stable over time
Categorical self
Dimensions that we classify our self such as age and gender
4-5 years
At what age will children describe themselves with psychological traits such as good and happy and can perceive others separate from self and apply the same traits
joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, content
What are the primary emotions?
Around 6 months
When do primary emotions appear?
Increased brain and cognitive development
Secondary emotions appear later with ________________
Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt
What are the secondary or self conscious emotions
Determines whether a child focuses on being proud of success or ashamed of failure
What are parental influences on secondary or self conscious emotions
Emotion coaching or emotion dismissive
When helping babies regulate emotions, parents can be __________________
Moral development
The gradual development of individuals concepts of what is right or wrong
Internalization
The process in which children adopt and internalize the rules of the standards of behavior
Egocentrism is repressed and replaced with concern for others.
What did Freud think of moral development
Committed compliance
is a positive outcome exhibited by the child and linked to authoritative parenting
Situational compliance
Is a negative outcome and linked to ambivalent or permissive parenting
It’s linked to cognitive development and young children focus on authority mandates but they become autonomous as they grow older
What did Piaget think of moral development
Heteronomous phase
(Piaget’s theory of moral development) rules come from parents, teachers, and god. Rules are permanent no matter what
Autonomous phase
(Piaget’s theory of moral development) view the intentions behind actions as more important than their consequences
Moral realism
Actions judged by material consequences
Socialization
The process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their future or subculture. The goal is internalization of messages
Baumrind’s parenting styles
Authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and uninvolved
Social referencing
Reading emotional cues in orders to help determine how to act in a particular situation
The first born has to adapt more to the changes of having a new baby in the house
How does having siblings affect a child?
Some conflict is normal but excessive conflict is detrimental
According to Baumrind, is conflict okay amongst siblings?
Siblings get along when parents get along
According to Baumrind, how does the parents relationship effect the siblings relationship?
Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, considerable variation
What are the important aspects of sibling relationships?
Achievement-oriented
Only children are often __________
Peers
Are children of about the same age and maturity level
Good peer relations
Are necessary for normal socioemotional development
Increases with age
Preference for same-sex playmates ___________
Play helps children master anxieties and conflicts
What did Freud and Erikson think about play?
Children develop ways of understanding through social interactions: symbolic and make-believe play
What did Vygotsky believe about play?
Unstructured play
It’s important for cognitive development, exploratory behavior, development of language and communication skills
Sensorimotor play
when infants derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes. Specific to infants and does include practice play.
Practice play
in preschool years, repetition of behavior which use cognition and large motor skills together.
Symbolic play
@9-30 months a spoon might be used as a brush; pre-school is 'golden age' of __________, peaking @ 4-5 years and declining after.
Social play
increases in preschool year and is play with other child/children. Children are creating games and making rules.
Constructive play
combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
Sensorimotor play declines in preschool, and constructive/practice play increases in elementary school.
Games
have rules and include reciprocity, develops in preschool but thrives as active play form going forward in development.
Slow consistent growth
What is the growth pattern seen in middle and late childhood
Pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex continue to increase
What happens in brain development in middle and late childhood
Become smoother and more coordinated and moment of fine motor skills
What happens to motor skills in middle and late childhood
Increased myelination of the central nervous system
What causes the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood?
Metabolic disease risk
A higher level of physical activity in middle and late childhood is linked to a lower level of __________
Accidents and injuries
What is the leading cause of death in middle and late childhood
Leukemia
What is the most common cancer children get?
Neo-Piagetians
Developmentalists who argue Piaget was partially correct but his theory needs considerable revision
Sustain and control attention
During middle and late childhood, most children dramatically improve their ability to __________
Long term memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time. Increases in middle and late childhood
Working memory
Is a process or mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they are making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language. Children with better _______ have better language comprehension, math skills, etc.
Self control/inhibition, working memory, flexibility
What are the dimensions of executive function that are most important for children’s cognitive development and school success
Metacognition
Is cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing. Consists of several dimensions of executive function, such as planning and self regulation
Stanford-Binet tests
Obtain individual scores and a composure score in five areas of information processing. Scores approximate a normal distribution
Wechsler scale
Provides an overall IQ score and five composite scores in five areas of information processing determining areas of strength or weakness