Lifespan development test 2

Ethnic origin and nutrition

What are the two most important contributing factors to height differences?

Growth hormone deficiency

Absence of growth hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the body to grow

Brain growth slows during early childhood

What is the pattern of brain growth in early childhood?

Negatively impact

Contextual factors can _______ brain development

Higher cognitive abilities

Increased myelination in the brain by age 3 is linked to ____________

5

Fine motor development is solid at around age ___

Fine motor development

Comes after toddlerhood

Self confidence

Movement leads to ______

Sudden infant death syndrome

A condition that occurs when infants stop breathing and die without clear reason

Nightmares, insomnia, narcolepsy

Childhood sleep problems include

Egocentric thinking and classifying objects by a single feature

What are two aspects of the Preoperational stage

Symbolic function and intuitive thought

What are the two substrates the Preoperational stage is divided into

Symbolic function substage

Children can mentally represent an object/person that is not present

Children scribble and present their world of people and begin pretend play

Important limitations are egocentrism and animism

Intuitive thought substrate

Children use primitive logic and want answers

Constantly ask why questions

Centration

A centering of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

Conservation

The awareness that altering an object or substance’s appearance does not change its basic properties

Zone of proximal development

Created by Vygotsky. the difference between a child’s actual level of ability and the level of ability that they can achieve when assisted by, or working in cooperation with, older or more experienced partners

Saw inner speech as a way for the child to communicate and start problem solving

What did Vygotsky think of inner speech

Sustained attention

Is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment. Also called vigilance

Short term memory

__________ increases during early childhood

Executive function

Consists of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain’s prefrontal cortex. In early childhood it involves developmental advances in:

Cognitive inhibition

Cognitive flexibility

Goal setting

Delay of gratification

Theory of mind

the understanding that others have intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions different from one’s own and that such intentions, desires, and so forth affect people’s actions and behaviors.

Morphology rules

As children move beyond two word utterances, they demonstrate a knowledge of __________ (EX. Plurals of a word)

3

Increased myelination in the brain by age __, is linked to higher cognitive abilities

Negatively impact

Contextual factors can __________ brain development

When children have lower movement abilities they have lower self confidence

How is movement related to self confidence in children

Characteristics of muscles, joints, and limbs, changes in body weight and mass, development of communication in central nervous system that improves feedback from arms and legs, motivation to move, opportunities to practice

Five factors that influence development of movement

Increanes synaptic connections

What does sleep do to neurons

Positively linked

Sleep may be _________ to cognitive development

Likely occurs because of sleep’s role in brain maturation and memory consolidation

Three mountain task

A child sits facing a table that holds three large mounds, with a doll in the opposite chair. The child is asked how the “mountains” would look to the doll. Used to identify egocentrism

Private speech

Vygotsky believed it was for self regulation. The ability to reason by ourselves and for ourselves

He saw it as very egocentric and immature

How did Piaget see private speech

He saw it as a way for a child to start problem solving

How did Vygotsky see private speech?

James

Who proposed the idea of short term and long term memory?

About 30 seconds

What is the length of short term memory without rehearsal

5-7 years

When does theory of mind develop?

Age 3

Up to What age will children believe there are pencils inside an m and Ms jar in the false belief task?

Extraversion/surgency

Includes approach, pleasure, activity, smiling, and laughter - Kagan’s uninhibited children

Negative affectivity

Includes fear, frustration, sadness, and discomfort; these children are easily distressed - Kagan’s inhibited children

Effortful control

Includes attentional focusing and shifting, inhibitory control, perceptual sensitivity and low-intensity pleasure. Is an important indicator of self-regulation

Temperament

Is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior

Specific temperaments

Physiological inherited characteristics are linked to ____________. Environment then modifies them

Self-recognition

Develops during Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

The self

Refers to an individual’s own self-awareness.

Our concept of ________ is our beliefs, about our personality and how we perceive our personality

It is a combination of physical and psychological traits

It can change in later years but it is an uphill battle

Can someone’s sense of self change in later years

Through the looking glass self

Is determined by the way others respond to us

Social cognition

Understanding other people’s thoughts and actions as well as our own

Extended self

A self that is stable over time

Categorical self

Dimensions that we classify our self such as age and gender

4-5 years

At what age will children describe themselves with psychological traits such as good and happy and can perceive others separate from self and apply the same traits

joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, content

What are the primary emotions?

Around 6 months

When do primary emotions appear?

Increased brain and cognitive development

Secondary emotions appear later with ________________

Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt

What are the secondary or self conscious emotions

Determines whether a child focuses on being proud of success or ashamed of failure

What are parental influences on secondary or self conscious emotions

Emotion coaching or emotion dismissive

When helping babies regulate emotions, parents can be __________________

Moral development

The gradual development of individuals concepts of what is right or wrong

Internalization

The process in which children adopt and internalize the rules of the standards of behavior

Egocentrism is repressed and replaced with concern for others.

What did Freud think of moral development

Committed compliance

is a positive outcome exhibited by the child and linked to authoritative parenting

Situational compliance

Is a negative outcome and linked to ambivalent or permissive parenting

It’s linked to cognitive development and young children focus on authority mandates but they become autonomous as they grow older

What did Piaget think of moral development

Heteronomous phase

(Piaget’s theory of moral development) rules come from parents, teachers, and god. Rules are permanent no matter what

Autonomous phase

(Piaget’s theory of moral development) view the intentions behind actions as more important than their consequences

Moral realism

Actions judged by material consequences

Socialization

The process by which children acquire the beliefs, values, and behaviors considered desirable or appropriate by their future or subculture. The goal is internalization of messages

Baumrind’s parenting styles

Authoritative, permissive, authoritarian, and uninvolved

Social referencing

Reading emotional cues in orders to help determine how to act in a particular situation

The first born has to adapt more to the changes of having a new baby in the house

How does having siblings affect a child?

Some conflict is normal but excessive conflict is detrimental

According to Baumrind, is conflict okay amongst siblings?

Siblings get along when parents get along

According to Baumrind, how does the parents relationship effect the siblings relationship?

Emotional quality, familiarity and intimacy, considerable variation

What are the important aspects of sibling relationships?

Achievement-oriented

Only children are often __________

Peers

Are children of about the same age and maturity level

Good peer relations

Are necessary for normal socioemotional development

Increases with age

Preference for same-sex playmates ___________

Play helps children master anxieties and conflicts

What did Freud and Erikson think about play?

Children develop ways of understanding through social interactions: symbolic and make-believe play

What did Vygotsky believe about play?

Unstructured play

It’s important for cognitive development, exploratory behavior, development of language and communication skills

Sensorimotor play

• when infants derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemes. Specific to infants and does include practice play.

Practice play

• in preschool years, repetition of behavior which use cognition and large motor skills together.

Symbolic play

• @9-30 months a spoon might be used as a brush; pre-school is 'golden age' of __________, peaking @ 4-5 years and declining after.

Social play

• increases in preschool year and is play with other child/children. Children are creating games and making rules.

Constructive play

• combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
  Sensorimotor play declines in preschool, and constructive/practice play increases in elementary school.

Games

• have rules and include reciprocity, develops in preschool but thrives as active play form going forward in development.

Slow consistent growth

What is the growth pattern seen in middle and late childhood

Pathways and circuitry involving the prefrontal cortex continue to increase

What happens in brain development in middle and late childhood

Become smoother and more coordinated and moment of fine motor skills

What happens to motor skills in middle and late childhood

Increased myelination of the central nervous system

What causes the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood?

Metabolic disease risk

A higher level of physical activity in middle and late childhood is linked to a lower level of __________

Accidents and injuries

What is the leading cause of death in middle and late childhood

Leukemia

What is the most common cancer children get?

Neo-Piagetians

Developmentalists who argue Piaget was partially correct but his theory needs considerable revision

Sustain and control attention

During middle and late childhood, most children dramatically improve their ability to __________

Long term memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time. Increases in middle and late childhood

Working memory

Is a process or mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when they are making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language. Children with better _______ have better language comprehension, math skills, etc.

Self control/inhibition, working memory, flexibility

What are the dimensions of executive function that are most important for children’s cognitive development and school success

Metacognition

Is cognition about cognition or knowing about knowing. Consists of several dimensions of executive function, such as planning and self regulation

Stanford-Binet tests

Obtain individual scores and a composure score in five areas of information processing. Scores approximate a normal distribution

Wechsler scale

Provides an overall IQ score and five composite scores in five areas of information processing determining areas of strength or weakness