Unit 3 vocab Honors world history

Hijrah

The flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina; the first year in the Muslim calendar

Caligraphy

The art of beautiful handwriting

Quild

Medieval business association

Qu’ran

The holy book of islam

Sunni

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successor of Muhammad

Clergy

Persons, such as priests given authority to conduct religious services

Caliph

Supreme leader of Islam chosen as the successor to Muhammad

Shi’a

The branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his decendants as the rightful succesors of Islam

Excommunication

Formal exclusion from membership or participation in a church

Crusades

Military expeditions by european christians in the 11th - 13th centuries to regain the Holy Land from the muslims

Pax mongolica

The mongol peace- the period of peace and prosperity from the mid 1200s to the mid 1300s where the mongols imposed stability and law and order across much of Asia

Vassal

In feudal Europe a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge for of loyalty and services

feudalism

Political system in which nobles are granted the use of land that legally belong to their king, in exchange for loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land.

fief

An estate of land granted by a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe.

sacrament

One of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people.

Lay investiture

The appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles

Shari’ah

Islamic code of law that includes rules of all aspects of life.

heresy

the denial of basic church doctrines

jihad

means “striving” can refer to an internal struggle against evil or an armed struggle against nonbelievers

Justinian Code

The body of Roman Civil Law collected and organized by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian around A.D 534

Secular

concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters

Swahili

an Arabic influenced Bantu language that is spoken widely in eastern and central Africa

Icon

A Christian religious image or picture.

Pastoralist

A member of a nomadic group that herds domesticated animals.

Monsoon

seasonal wind that affects climates and ways of life in southern Asia