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Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
What did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
usually a response to the wishes of the families
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
population tends to increase beyond the mass of subsistence
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
Markets become broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
What did Henry Cort develop?
The puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined with coke
What was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Much of the growth in the gross natural product was eaten up by population growth.
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
David Ricardo's iron law of wages stated that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s.
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by
the Napoleonic Wars.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
As modern industry created conflict between industrialists and laborers, individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
Industrial dominance of Britain
How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
Who was William Cockerill?
an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
What was the key development in the eighteenth century that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
Establishment of limited liability investment
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
the British middle class were guilt of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in the prevention of the exploitation of children in that it
banned children under nine years of age from employment
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
improved only after 1840
What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
How did older members of the population seek to control sexuality of the working class youths?
They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Combination Acts of 1799
The reformer Robert Owens sought to
create a single large national union for British workers
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
featured varying degrees of government involved.
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
In 1850, in what occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
farming and agriculture
What major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills increased production enormously and reduced the price of iron products.
Why do many historians now believe that the continued concentration by the French on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to capitalize on its know-how and international reputation.
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, what did Andrew Ure conclude about conditions in most factories?
They ere not harsh and even quite good.
What was the function of the Crystal Palace?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
Excerpt from the testimony of Sir Robert Peel during an 1818 debate in the House of Commons...
What claim did Peel make in this testimony?
He asserted that children could not work in a factory for fifteen hours without doing harm to their health and constitution.
In her advice to women in the middle class, Sarah Stickney Ellis states:
Based on this passage, what did Ellis believe was a woman's primary obligation each day?
To think about how best to help those who need assistance.
On Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the largest industrial area?
The area surrounding Manchester and Liverpool
Based on Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in England, ca. 1850, what appears to be the most important components of the Industrial Revolution other than coalmining?
textiles, iron, and machinery
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where are the most important emerging industrial areas in France located?
Paris, Lyons, Lille
Based on Map 20.2: Continental Industrialization, ca. 1850, where is the largest emerging industrial area located?
The Ruhr
Excerpt from the testimony of Ann Eggley...
Which of the following is implied by Eggley's testimony?
Everyone in her family was required to work in order to get by.
Excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England..
Which of the following claims did Gaskell make?
The preindustrial textile worker lived a substantial, moral, and satisfying life.
Excerpt from Peter Gaskell's The Manufacturing Population of England..
According to Gaskell, by what criteria was the period 1760-1800 the "golden times of manufacturers" ?
As measured by the morality of workers
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