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sensory neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Interneurons
CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
motor neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
CNS
central nervous system; brain and spinal cord
PNS
peripheral nervous system that includes sensory and motor neurons
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.
sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight
parasympathetic nervous system
a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state
frontal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
parietal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.
occipital lobe
visual processing
temporal lobe
A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.
Pons
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
medulla oblongata
Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
pituatary gland
Release ADH according to the instructions given by the brain.
Cerebellum
Balance and coordination
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.
enzyme in synapse
chloristerase
threshold potential
a minimum amount of stimulus required -55mv is the average threshold lower threshold= less stimulus needed to depolarize
All or none response
a neuron either fires at 100% or doesnt fire at all
intensity
the more impulses reach your brain = increased number of neurons firing
summation
accumulation of stimuli on one neurpns receptors
phases of an action potential
polarized, reaching threshold, depolarize, redpolarize, hyperpolarize, polarized
impluse "jumping"
saltatory conduction
wave of depolarization
repolarize, depolarize, repolarize (pay attention to direction)
synapse/synaptic cleft
the spcae where a neuron communicates with another neurons
pre-synaptic neuron
before the synapse
post-synaptic neuron
after the synapse
a synapse is located
in the axon terminal
Neurotransmitters
stored in synaptuc vesicles in the axon terminals can cause excitement or inhibitionof the post synaptic neuron either reabsorbed by transporter molecules or destryoed by enzymes
excitatory neurotransmitters
causes the depolarization of the post synatpic neuronby opening the sodium channels
number 1 excitatory neurotrasnmitter
actylchlorine/ epinephrine (adrenaline)
fight or flight?
excitatory neurtransmitter of your sympathetic nervous system
inhibitory neurotransmitters
causes hyperpolarization of the post synaptic neuron by opening the postassium channels make the neuron extra negative = harder to reach threshold = no firing
Number one hormone for inhibitory
GABA- needed for complex movement
endorphines are a inhibitory neurotransmitters
spinal cord
a large bundle of interneurons
protected by vertebrae and mininges
cerebrospinal fluid
reflex arc
involuntary, unconcious, fast "no brainer"
common reflexes
blink, knee jerk, pupil reflex
whats a reflex you can learn to control?
resist burn reflex
5 steps to a reflex arc
1. sensory receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. spinal interneuron
4. motor neuron
5. effector
dendrites
hairs on the neuron that hold the receptors to talk w one another
receptors
recieves signals from the synapse from other neurons
cell body
the body of the neuron
nucleus
Control center of the cell
axon
A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.
a node of ranvier
spaces between the schwann cells that have the ion channels in between
schwann cells
the outside of the cell holds neuraliemma and the inner holds myelin sheath
neurilemma
helps the neuron recover
myelin sheath
helps the action potential travel faster along the axon
synapse
the space after a neuron
a nerve pathway
nerve impulse travels from neuron to neuron
polarized neuron
at "rest"
depolarized neuron
"stimulated neuron" from -70mV to +40mV
polarized neuron
the charge inside becomes -70mV the na/k pump is pumping na out and k back in
refractory period
the amount of time it takes to repolarize to its resting state
hyperpolarization
caused by too much potassium leaving the neuron its "extra " negative (-80mV/ -90mV)
PNS
sensory somatic
involuntary pns
automatic nerves to your internal glands and organs divided into sympathetic and aprasympathetic
sympathetic responses
-Stress
↑ sympathetic system
↑ fight-or-flight response.
-↑ production of ATP.
-Dilation of the pupils.
-↑ heart rate and blood pressure.
-Dilation of the airways.
-Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.
-↑ blood supply to the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue
-↑ glycogenolysis
↑ blood glucose.
-↑ lipolysis
sensory receptors
neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals