Bio 30 Spine/neurons/brain

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61 Terms

1

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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2

Interneurons

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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3

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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4

CNS

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

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5

PNS

peripheral nervous system that includes sensory and motor neurons

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6

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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7

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

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8

parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

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9

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

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10

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

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11

occipital lobe

visual processing

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12

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

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13

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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14

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

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15

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

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16

pituatary gland

Release ADH according to the instructions given by the brain.

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17

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

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18

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

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19

enzyme in synapse

chloristerase

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20

threshold potential

a minimum amount of stimulus required -55mv is the average threshold lower threshold= less stimulus needed to depolarize

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21

All or none response

a neuron either fires at 100% or doesnt fire at all

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22

intensity

the more impulses reach your brain = increased number of neurons firing

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23

summation

accumulation of stimuli on one neurpns receptors

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24

phases of an action potential

polarized, reaching threshold, depolarize, redpolarize, hyperpolarize, polarized

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25

impluse "jumping"

saltatory conduction

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26

wave of depolarization

repolarize, depolarize, repolarize (pay attention to direction)

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27

synapse/synaptic cleft

the spcae where a neuron communicates with another neurons

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28

pre-synaptic neuron

before the synapse

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29

post-synaptic neuron

after the synapse

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30

a synapse is located

in the axon terminal

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31

Neurotransmitters

stored in synaptuc vesicles in the axon terminals can cause excitement or inhibitionof the post synaptic neuron either reabsorbed by transporter molecules or destryoed by enzymes

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32

excitatory neurotransmitters

causes the depolarization of the post synatpic neuronby opening the sodium channels

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33

number 1 excitatory neurotrasnmitter

actylchlorine/ epinephrine (adrenaline)

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34

fight or flight?

excitatory neurtransmitter of your sympathetic nervous system

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35

inhibitory neurotransmitters

causes hyperpolarization of the post synaptic neuron by opening the postassium channels make the neuron extra negative = harder to reach threshold = no firing

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36

Number one hormone for inhibitory

GABA- needed for complex movement

endorphines are a inhibitory neurotransmitters

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37

spinal cord

a large bundle of interneurons

protected by vertebrae and mininges

cerebrospinal fluid

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38

reflex arc

involuntary, unconcious, fast "no brainer"

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39

common reflexes

blink, knee jerk, pupil reflex

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40

whats a reflex you can learn to control?

resist burn reflex

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41

5 steps to a reflex arc

1. sensory receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. spinal interneuron

4. motor neuron

5. effector

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42

dendrites

hairs on the neuron that hold the receptors to talk w one another

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43

receptors

recieves signals from the synapse from other neurons

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44

cell body

the body of the neuron

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45

nucleus

Control center of the cell

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46

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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47

a node of ranvier

spaces between the schwann cells that have the ion channels in between

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48

schwann cells

the outside of the cell holds neuraliemma and the inner holds myelin sheath

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49

neurilemma

helps the neuron recover

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50

myelin sheath

helps the action potential travel faster along the axon

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51

synapse

the space after a neuron

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52

a nerve pathway

nerve impulse travels from neuron to neuron

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53

polarized neuron

at "rest"

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54

depolarized neuron

"stimulated neuron" from -70mV to +40mV

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55

polarized neuron

the charge inside becomes -70mV the na/k pump is pumping na out and k back in

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56

refractory period

the amount of time it takes to repolarize to its resting state

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57

hyperpolarization

caused by too much potassium leaving the neuron its "extra " negative (-80mV/ -90mV)

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58

PNS

sensory somatic

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59

involuntary pns

automatic nerves to your internal glands and organs divided into sympathetic and aprasympathetic

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60

sympathetic responses

-Stress

↑ sympathetic system

↑ fight-or-flight response.

-↑ production of ATP.

-Dilation of the pupils.

-↑ heart rate and blood pressure.

-Dilation of the airways.

-Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.

-↑ blood supply to the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue

-↑ glycogenolysis

↑ blood glucose.

-↑ lipolysis

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61

sensory receptors

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals

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