Bio 30 Spine/neurons/brain

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61 Terms

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sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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Interneurons

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

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motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

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CNS

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

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PNS

peripheral nervous system that includes sensory and motor neurons

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autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

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sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

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parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

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frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

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parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

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occipital lobe

visual processing

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temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

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Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

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Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

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pituatary gland

Release ADH according to the instructions given by the brain.

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Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

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Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

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enzyme in synapse

chloristerase

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threshold potential

a minimum amount of stimulus required -55mv is the average threshold lower threshold= less stimulus needed to depolarize

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All or none response

a neuron either fires at 100% or doesnt fire at all

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intensity

the more impulses reach your brain = increased number of neurons firing

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summation

accumulation of stimuli on one neurpns receptors

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phases of an action potential

polarized, reaching threshold, depolarize, redpolarize, hyperpolarize, polarized

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impluse "jumping"

saltatory conduction

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wave of depolarization

repolarize, depolarize, repolarize (pay attention to direction)

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synapse/synaptic cleft

the spcae where a neuron communicates with another neurons

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pre-synaptic neuron

before the synapse

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post-synaptic neuron

after the synapse

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a synapse is located

in the axon terminal

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Neurotransmitters

stored in synaptuc vesicles in the axon terminals can cause excitement or inhibitionof the post synaptic neuron either reabsorbed by transporter molecules or destryoed by enzymes

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excitatory neurotransmitters

causes the depolarization of the post synatpic neuronby opening the sodium channels

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number 1 excitatory neurotrasnmitter

actylchlorine/ epinephrine (adrenaline)

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fight or flight?

excitatory neurtransmitter of your sympathetic nervous system

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inhibitory neurotransmitters

causes hyperpolarization of the post synaptic neuron by opening the postassium channels make the neuron extra negative = harder to reach threshold = no firing

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Number one hormone for inhibitory

GABA- needed for complex movement

endorphines are a inhibitory neurotransmitters

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spinal cord

a large bundle of interneurons

protected by vertebrae and mininges

cerebrospinal fluid

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reflex arc

involuntary, unconcious, fast "no brainer"

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common reflexes

blink, knee jerk, pupil reflex

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whats a reflex you can learn to control?

resist burn reflex

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5 steps to a reflex arc

1. sensory receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. spinal interneuron

4. motor neuron

5. effector

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dendrites

hairs on the neuron that hold the receptors to talk w one another

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receptors

recieves signals from the synapse from other neurons

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cell body

the body of the neuron

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nucleus

Control center of the cell

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axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

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a node of ranvier

spaces between the schwann cells that have the ion channels in between

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schwann cells

the outside of the cell holds neuraliemma and the inner holds myelin sheath

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neurilemma

helps the neuron recover

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myelin sheath

helps the action potential travel faster along the axon

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synapse

the space after a neuron

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a nerve pathway

nerve impulse travels from neuron to neuron

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polarized neuron

at "rest"

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depolarized neuron

"stimulated neuron" from -70mV to +40mV

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polarized neuron

the charge inside becomes -70mV the na/k pump is pumping na out and k back in

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refractory period

the amount of time it takes to repolarize to its resting state

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hyperpolarization

caused by too much potassium leaving the neuron its "extra " negative (-80mV/ -90mV)

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PNS

sensory somatic

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involuntary pns

automatic nerves to your internal glands and organs divided into sympathetic and aprasympathetic

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sympathetic responses

-Stress

↑ sympathetic system

↑ fight-or-flight response.

-↑ production of ATP.

-Dilation of the pupils.

-↑ heart rate and blood pressure.

-Dilation of the airways.

-Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.

-↑ blood supply to the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue

-↑ glycogenolysis

↑ blood glucose.

-↑ lipolysis

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sensory receptors

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals