Bio 30 Spine/neurons/brain

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Interneurons

CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

motor neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands

CNS

central nervous system; brain and spinal cord

PNS

peripheral nervous system that includes sensory and motor neurons

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.

sympathetic nervous system

fight or flight

parasympathetic nervous system

a set of nerves that helps the body return to a normal resting state

frontal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

parietal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex whose functions include processing information about touch.

occipital lobe

visual processing

temporal lobe

A region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing and language.

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

Hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

pituatary gland

Release ADH according to the instructions given by the brain.

Cerebellum

Balance and coordination

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory.

enzyme in synapse

chloristerase

threshold potential

a minimum amount of stimulus required -55mv is the average threshold lower threshold= less stimulus needed to depolarize

All or none response

a neuron either fires at 100% or doesnt fire at all

intensity

the more impulses reach your brain = increased number of neurons firing

summation

accumulation of stimuli on one neurpns receptors

phases of an action potential

polarized, reaching threshold, depolarize, redpolarize, hyperpolarize, polarized

impluse "jumping"

saltatory conduction

wave of depolarization

repolarize, depolarize, repolarize (pay attention to direction)

synapse/synaptic cleft

the spcae where a neuron communicates with another neurons

pre-synaptic neuron

before the synapse

post-synaptic neuron

after the synapse

a synapse is located

in the axon terminal

Neurotransmitters

stored in synaptuc vesicles in the axon terminals can cause excitement or inhibitionof the post synaptic neuron either reabsorbed by transporter molecules or destryoed by enzymes

excitatory neurotransmitters

causes the depolarization of the post synatpic neuronby opening the sodium channels

number 1 excitatory neurotrasnmitter

actylchlorine/ epinephrine (adrenaline)

fight or flight?

excitatory neurtransmitter of your sympathetic nervous system

inhibitory neurotransmitters

causes hyperpolarization of the post synaptic neuron by opening the postassium channels make the neuron extra negative = harder to reach threshold = no firing

Number one hormone for inhibitory

GABA- needed for complex movement

endorphines are a inhibitory neurotransmitters

spinal cord

a large bundle of interneurons

protected by vertebrae and mininges

cerebrospinal fluid

reflex arc

involuntary, unconcious, fast "no brainer"

common reflexes

blink, knee jerk, pupil reflex

whats a reflex you can learn to control?

resist burn reflex

5 steps to a reflex arc

1. sensory receptor

2. sensory neuron

3. spinal interneuron

4. motor neuron

5. effector

dendrites

hairs on the neuron that hold the receptors to talk w one another

receptors

recieves signals from the synapse from other neurons

cell body

the body of the neuron

nucleus

Control center of the cell

axon

A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

a node of ranvier

spaces between the schwann cells that have the ion channels in between

schwann cells

the outside of the cell holds neuraliemma and the inner holds myelin sheath

neurilemma

helps the neuron recover

myelin sheath

helps the action potential travel faster along the axon

synapse

the space after a neuron

a nerve pathway

nerve impulse travels from neuron to neuron

polarized neuron

at "rest"

depolarized neuron

"stimulated neuron" from -70mV to +40mV

polarized neuron

the charge inside becomes -70mV the na/k pump is pumping na out and k back in

refractory period

the amount of time it takes to repolarize to its resting state

hyperpolarization

caused by too much potassium leaving the neuron its "extra " negative (-80mV/ -90mV)

PNS

sensory somatic

involuntary pns

automatic nerves to your internal glands and organs divided into sympathetic and aprasympathetic

sympathetic responses

-Stress

↑ sympathetic system

↑ fight-or-flight response.

-↑ production of ATP.

-Dilation of the pupils.

-↑ heart rate and blood pressure.

-Dilation of the airways.

-Constriction of blood vessels that supply the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract.

-↑ blood supply to the skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue

-↑ glycogenolysis

↑ blood glucose.

-↑ lipolysis

sensory receptors

neurons that respond to stimuli and trigger electrical signals