GLOBAL HISTORY I AND II REGENTS REVIEW

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

Middle Passage, Triangular Trade, impact on African communities and the Americas

EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

Mild Climates, Fertile Soil for Farming, Water Source, Written Language, Technological and Architectural Achievements

Ancient Egypt- Nile River

China- Huang He or Yellow River

India- Indus River (Ganges is sacred to Hindus)

Mesopotamia- Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION

Change from nomadic(wandering) and hunting and gathering(Paleolithic Period) to farming and domestication of animals

Results: permanent villages-towns-cities-civilizations, surplus of food, job specialization, social classes emerge

ARCHAEOLOGIST

Study artifacts, ruins, and ancient civilizations

ECONOMIST

Study resources, jobs, employment, and taxes

GEOGRAPHER

Study the relationship between land and people, physical formations, and location

ANTHROPOLOGIST

Study the development of humans

POLITICAL SCIENTIST

Study the systems of gov't

SOCIOLOGIST

Study social problems

INDIA/INDIAN SUBCONTINENT GEOGRAPHY

Diverse Geography=Cultural Diversity

Indus River

Ganges River(Holy)

Himalaya Mountains

Northern Plains

ARYAN INVASIONS OF INDIA (1500 BC)

Light-skinned invaders in search of additional food sources/pasture land, establish caste system and origins of Hinduism

BANTU MIGRATION

the movement of the bantu peoples southward throghout africa, spreading their language and culture, from around 500 b.c. to around A.D 1000

HINDUISM

Polytheistic, dharma, karma, reincarnation, moksha, caste system

BUDDHISM

Eliminate desire and suffering, Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, Nirvana, Siddhartha, meditation, yoga, reincarnation, NO caste system

ASOKA THE GREAT

Pillars of Asoka, spread Buddhism throughout Asia, religious toleration in empire, Maurya Dynasty

GUPTA EMPIRE

Golden Age, advances in math, science, art, Sanskrit language, concept of ZERO, chess

MUGHAL EMPIRE&ABKAR THE GREAT

Religious toleration, Taj Mahal, Muslim, Persian, and Hindu cultures blend

CHINESE ETHNOCENTRISM

Middle Kingdom, viewed others as barbarians, traditionally isolated (geography helped)

CHINESE GEOGRAPHY

Surrounded my mountains, deserts (Gobi) and ocean, most people live in the heartland (eastern 1/3 of nation), lots of natural resources (open for attack by Mongols, later Japan pre WWII)

Yellow River (Huang He) and Yangtze River

CONFUCIANISM

Stresses social order, achieving harmony by knowing one's role, 5 relationships, filial piety (respect for the elders), civil service exam (basis of Chinese gov't for 100's of years… minus when the Mongols were there and Communist Mao)

HAN DYNASTY

Use of the Silk Road, China expands trade

TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES

Golden Ages! Gunpowder, printing press, inventions, low status of women- foot binding

MONGOLS (YUAN DYNASTY)

Excellent horsemen and soldiers, world conquerors, Genghis Khan/Kublai Khan, Pax(peace), Mongolica- Silk Road is safe (Mongols isolate Russians from Western Europe), Marco Polo

MING DYNASTY

Fixes Great Wall, overseas trade, Zheng He (goes exploring and then decides, "Do not want to lose traditional ways… we have it all anyway!"

JAPANESE GEOGRAPHY

Archipelago(chain of islands), located on the "Ring of Fire", relative location to China and Korea(selective borrowing), mountainous, lacking natural resources

SHINTOISM

Belief system based on spirits in nature, Japan's original religion

FEUDAL SYSTEM

Shogun, daimyo, samurai

BUSHIDO

"the way of the warrior"

TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE

Centralized feudalism, period of isolation

AFRICAN DIVERSE GEOGRAPHY

Sahara Desert, Rain forests, Savanna… leads to cultural diversity and difficulty exploring the interior

AFRICAN ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

Deforestation, Desertification, Overgrazing

ANIMISM

Belief in and worship of spirits in nature and forms

WEST AFRICAN GOLD-SALT TRADE

Ghana and Mali, Mansa Musa spreads Islam, control of trans-Saharan trade routes, Timbuktu- cultural and religious center

PRE-COLUMBIAN CIVILIZATIONS

Maya, Aztec, and Inca- all were advanced, complex civilizations that created architectural achievements(made use of their diverse environment and geography to adapt to their surroundings

Terrace Farming, Chinapas(floating gardens)

INCA

Andes Mountains, Terrace Farming

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

After the Spanish Conquest(The Encounter), there is a huge exchange of goods, ideas, animals, diseases that has a huge impact on Europe, the Americas, and Africa

Cultural Diffusion

Leads to European colonization and imperialism- new foods, territory, interdependence, huge migrations of people

CONQUISTADORS

Hernan Cortes defeats the Aztec, Francisco Pizzaro defeats Inca

Early 1500's decline of native population due to European superior military technology and diseases

ENCONMIENDA SYSTEM

Strict social class system established by the Spanish in Mexico/South America to exploit the natives and Africans to work on their mines and plantations, class was based on skin color and if you were born in Spain

MERCANTILISM

Idea that a colony is to exist for the sole purpose of its Mother Country to provide them with raw materials (takes all its gold and silver supply- eventually will cause inflation)

Wealth is measured by gold and silver

GREEK GEOGRAPHY

Mountainous, surrounded by sea, mild climate

City-states

ATHENS VS SPARTA

Athens- education, learning, art, direct democracy, math philosophy

Sparta- military, monarchy

SOCRATES, PLATO, ARISTOTLE

Ancient Greek philosophers

FOUNDATION OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Law, Gov't, Philosophy

ANCIENT ROME ITALIAN PENINSULA

Good location- center of the Mediterranean Sea- trade

Extensive road system

TWELVE TABLES (450 BC)

Publicly displayed code of law/legal system

ANCIENT ROME CONTRIBUTIONS

Architecture, Latin, basis of modern legal systems, Republican form of Gov't (representative democracy)

ROMAN EMPIRE'S TRADE NETWORK

Becomes huge, reaches Han China

DECLINE AND COLLAPSE OF ANCIENT ROME

Germanic barbarian invasions, Western Europe falls in to the Middle Ages b/c it lacks a strong central authority

Eastern half becomes the Byzantine Empire, which prospers for another 1000 years

RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

Christianity is persecuted at first

BYZANTINE EMPIRE CAPITAL

Constantinople, located on the Bosporus Strait

BYZANTINE EMPIRE LOCATION

Crossroads of Europe, Asia and Middle East, wealthy and powerful because of control of these important trade routes

BYZANTINE EMPIRE CULTURE

Preserve Greek and Roman Traditions

Speak Greek, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Cyrillic alphabet, Hagia Sophia- huge Church

Justinian's Code

Culture influences Russia

COLLAPSE OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE (1453)

Defeated by the Muslim Ottoman Turks

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1380'S-1918)

Primarily Muslim Turks that control much of the Middle East, North Africa, and South East Europe (The Balkans)

OTTOMAN EMPIRE GEOGRAPHY

Good location for trade, limit contact between East and West

OTTOMAN EMPIRE CULTURAL DIVERSITY

Jews, Greeks, Arabs, Egyptians, Serbs

SULEIMAN THE MAGNIFICENT

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean.

EUROPEAN MIDDLE AGES AKA DARK AGES

Constant warfare and uncertainty

Decentralized Gov't- Feudalism

Knights and Chivalry

Catholic Church is the dominant force, replaces Roman empire as a source of authority

CRUSADES

"History's most successful failure"- sparks and interest in other cultures, cultural diffusion, Europe will improve economically and politically, Trade, end of feudalism in Western Europe

COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

Introduction of banking, checks, joint stock companies, guilds, increased worldwide trade (late Middle Ages)

Leads to Capitalism

THE RENAISSANCE

Questioning Spirit: question authority, question the Church

Protestant Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment

Begins in Florence, Italy(Medici Family)- Roman Empire, wealthy trading states, cities, location

HUMANISM

Focus on the individual achievement and worldly (secular) issues, paintings don't have to be about religion

RENAISANCE ARTISTS

DaVinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Shakespeare

PROTESTANT REFORMATION (EARLY 1500'S)

Western Europe no longer has religious unity, the Christian Church is split

John Calvin, Henry VIII, Catholic Counter-Reformation, Inquisition, lots of wars

MARTIN LUTHER

95 THESES- protests the abuses and corruption of the Catholic Church

PRINTING PRESS

Johann Gutenberg- new religious ideas spread rapidly- literacy

AGE OF EXPLORATION AKA FIRST GLOBAL AGE (EARLY 1400'S-1700'S)

Spain and Portugal lead- peninsular location

Desire for spices, alternate route to India

God, Gold, Glory

CAPITALISM

Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations- free market economy, individuals should make the economic decision, laissez-faire(hands off)