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Physiology

The study of body function

Tay-sachs disease destroys what cells

Neuronal cells

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails and production of vitamin D

skeletal system

Framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement

Muscular System

movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture

nervous and endocrine systems

integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones

cardiovascular system

Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cell wastes

lymphatic system

Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte, production, body defense

Digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

respiratory system

Exchanges gases

Urinary system

removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte and water balance, blood pressure

Homeostatic mechanisms

self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed

first part of homeostatic mechanism

Receptor detects and provides information about stimuli

Second part of homeostatic mechanism

Control center decision maker that maintains the set point

Last part of homeostatic control

Effector; muscle or gland that responds to the control center

A example of negative feedback for homeostatic mechanism

Body temperature

Postitve Feedback for homeostatic mechanisms

Child birth

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Medial

toward the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

superficial

closer to the surface

lpsilateral

on the same side of the body

Contralareral

opposite side

sagittal section

Cut made along a longitudinal plane dividing the body into right and left parts

mid-sagittal plane

divides the body into equal left and right halves

parasagittal section

sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions

transverse (horizontal) plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

frontal or coronal plane

longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Radioactive iodine 131

can be used to destroy cancerous thyroid gland tissue

inorganic molecules

Don't have carbon or hydrogen

organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon

polymers, monomers synthesized by

Dehydration

polymers, monomers broken down by

Hydrolysis

Dehydration synthesis

monomers are joined by removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation

hydrolysis synthesis

monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

Monosaccharides

Single sugar glucose

Disaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

complex carbohydrates

Where do we find glycogen

In muscle fibers

Glycogen is a product of

Animal products

Starch is a product of

Plant products

Oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharides that attach to the protein of lipids/ cell signature

Phospholipids

Have a hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends/ major component of cell membrane

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings and synthesis adrenal and sex hormones

primary

amino acid sequence

Secondary

pleated or twisted structure formed by hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino acids

Tertiary

Unique 3-dimensional folded shape of the protein

Quaternary

structure formed by some proteins, when 2 or more polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein

Reductionist

To study cells

Cells that developed specialized characteristics

Differentiated

liquid in cytoplasm

Cytosol

selectively permeable

regulates entry and exit of substances

Membrane proteins

Embedded proteins that perform specific functions for the cell membrane.

Glycocalyx

Sugar covering at cell surface

tight junctions

Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

Desmosomes

"Rivets" or "spot-welds" that anchor cells together

gap junctions

communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication

Cytoplasm contains the

Cytoskeleton

Cilia

Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion

Flagella

whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Microfilaments

tiny rods of actin; provide cellular movement, such as muscle contraction

Microtubules

Help move organelles tracks

Chromatin

Consists of cell chromosomes each containing dna wound around protein

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

diffusion across the cell membrane through ion channels

Osmosis

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of higher lower concentration

osmotic pressure

ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water

Isotonic solution

same osmotic pressure cells in an isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water

hypertonic solution

higher osmotic pressure cells in a hypertonic solution lose water

hypotonic solution

lower osmotic pressure cells in a hypotonic solution gain water

Filtration

process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure

active transport

Movement of substances across a membrane from region of lower concentration to high region using atp

Endocytosis

Movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

histology

study of tissues

epithelial

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out this would be skin/small intestine

connective tissue

binds, supports, and protects structures in the body

Muscle

movement

Nervous

Conduct impulses for coordination

epithelial tissue lack what

blood vessels

Apical surface

an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

basal surface

The bottom layer of epithelial tissue that attaches to the basement membrane/ like glue

Lumen

space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel

simple epithelium

single layer of cells

stratified epithelium

two or more layers of cells

Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells/lines air sacs/uses diffusion and filtration

Simple cuboidal

Cube like cells found in kidneys

simple columnar

Cut in half grapes/lines uterus

pseudostratified columnar

Lines much of the respiratory tract

Stratified squamous

Outer layer of skin/keratin

Three characteristics of connective tissue's

Have mesenchyme/ extracellular matrix

Fibroblasts

Most common

Aureolar connective tissue

Subcutaneous layer

Dense regular connective tissue

Closely packed collagenous fibers
Fine network of elastic fibers
Most cells are fibroblasts
Very strong, withstands pulling
Binds body parts together
Tendons, ligaments, dermis
Poor blood supply; slow to heal

Dense irregular connective tissue

dermis of skin