Tissues and Epithelial Reading and Interpretation

skeletal muscle

voluntary movement that produces heat and protects organs, it is attached to bones and around entrance points of the body (i.e. mouth and anus)

cardiac muscle

contracts to pump blood, found in heart

smooth muscle

involuntary and natural movement, moves food, respiration, secretion, contracts to help artery flow, it lines the walls of many organs and passage ways

skeletal muscle appearance

stripes, long and cylindrical, peripherally located nuclei  

cardiac muscle appearance

short, single central nucleus, branched, straited

smooth muscle appearance

appears smear like, single nucleus in each fiber

Why is epithelial tissue important?

• helps PROTECT and line major organs or passageway, protection from wear or tear

• helps with ABSORPTION/PERMEABILITY and SECRETION

• helps with nerves SENSORY reception 

• helps with EXCRETION (illuminating waste)

cell junction/tight junction

connection between cell membranes, help prevent leakage of fluid in simple columnar cells

• these type of junctions help prevent leakage of intestinal contents 

apical membrane

the facing surface of the cell towards the lumen (white space), it can also be found right beneath cilia

basal lamina

part of the tissue that is closer towards underlying body structures (is very thin and can be viewed under microscope apart of basement membrane)

basal membrane

helps hold all tissue and cell together by providing support

reticular lamina

basal lamina is attached to this

What are the four ways to define the layers of an epithelial cell/tissue? 

single, psuedostratified, transitional,  or stratified 

single layered/single

there is only one layer visible and present 

psuedostratified

there is only one layer present, but it appears to have more than one layer because the layers can be irregularly shaped and different sized 

stratified 

there are MORE than one layer visible and present

transitional

this is only the epithelium cells of the urinary bladder, but there is changing or a variety of layers in different sections visible and present

What are three different ways to identify shape of epithelium cells?

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Squamous 

the appearance on thin scales or squished cell membranes, they can look stretched out at times horizontally, have flat nuclei

Cuboidal

relatively equal cell membrane vertically and horizontally, normally rounded nuclei 

Columnar

stretched out VERTICALLY, the nuclei are elongated vertically and located on basal side of the cell 

Endocrine/EN Glands

• think of the endocrine system that SECRETE hormones from endocrine glands 

• secrete in BLOODSTREAM

• helps coordinate the regulation and integration of body responses 

Examples of Endocrine Glands

anterior pituitary, thymus, and adrenal cortex

Exocrine/EX Glands

• these glands RELEASE into DUCTS that lead to epithelial surface

• secretions into lumen of gastrointestinal tract located outside of the body

Example of Exocrine Glands 

• Mucous, sweat, saliva, breast milk

• Technically lumen of gastrointestinal tract 

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium?

Simple (one layer) Squamous (squished appearance/squished nucleus)

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium?

Simple (one layer) cuboidal (rounded nucleus, more “even” appearance)

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium? 

Simple (one layer), columnar (vertically stretched nuclei, tall like columns) 

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium? 

Psuedostratified (one layer, but appears like multiple), columnar (vertically stretched nuclei, tall like columns) 

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium?

Stratified (multiple layers), squamous (squished appearance and squished nucleus)

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium?

Stratified ( multiple layers), cuboidal(rounded nucleus, more “even” appearance)

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium?

Stratified (multiple layers), columnar (vertically stretched nuclei, tall like columns) 

What is the layer and shape of this epithelium? 

transitional (changing shapes depending on area, some cuboidal, columnar, or squamous in others) 

Simple cells help with ___________. 

permeability (allows fluid to pass through)/absorption

Stratified cells help with __________.

protection (think it takes more to get through)

Simple squamous epithelium allows for ____________, and found in _______, _______, and _______________. 

rapid diffusion;  kidney TUBULES, alveoli of lungs, blood vessels 

Simple cuboidal epithelium help Golgi apparatus and E.R for _________. It can be found in ___________ 

secretion; pancreas, salivary glands, and KIDNEYS 

Simple columnar epithelium cells help with _____________. It can also have micro villi attached to it to increase surface area for absorption. It can be found in the ____________. 

protection; intestinal wall 

Psuedostratified columnar epithelium helps move ________ through _____________. It contains ________ to help move mucus

mucus; respiratory tract (nasal Cavity, trachea, bronchi); cilia 

Stratified squamous epithelium are our ___________. 

Outerskin 

Desmosomes

protein filaments that pass through neighboring cells to HOLD THE CELL TOGETHER

Transitional Epithelium is found in the _____________. These can be rounded and relaxed in one state and stretched in another. 

Lining of our bladder 

3 things Connective Tissue help with

• PROTECTION (hard coverings for delicate organs)

• TRANSPORTATION (moving fluids around body with the lymph nodes)

• ENERGY STORAGE (glycogen and triglycerides are kept in connective tissue)

Areolar Connective Tissue

contains, collagen, elastic fibers, and fibroblasts

helps bind other tissues together and part of inflammatory response

part of SKIN and MUSCLE 

External surfaces

any surface/organism that comes into DIRECT CONTACT t with the outside environment or the MATERIAL of the outside environment

• skin, stomach, mouth, kidney tubules, small intestine, lung alveoli, trachea

Internal surfaces

any surface/organism that lines GLANDS, DUCTS, or VESSELS

• vein, inner heart, pancreatic ducts