AP European History Chapter 12 Section 5

taille

an annual direct tax usually on land or property

Charles VII

King of France who established a royal army. The Estates-General allowed him to levy tax (i.e the taille) without their permission

Louis XI

King of France, aka, “The Spider“ who retained taille as a tax imposed by royal authority and secure a good source of income and created a base for a strong French Monarchy

Charles the Bold

Vassal of Louis XI who tried to create a kingdom between France and Germany. Was killed in 1477.

War of the Roses

An English Civil War between house of Lancaster (white rose) and the house of York (red rose). Lancaster won and the Tudor Dynasty was established.

New Monarchies/Renaissance States

States that were recovering and trying to establish central power after their disintegrative patterns

Henry VII

First Tudor King who tried to reduce internal beef and establish a strong monarchy. Ended “livery and maintenance“ a practice where aristocrats who had private armies. He established to Court of Star Chamber.. Extracted income from land, fees and fines, and duties. 

Aragon and Castile

The 2 strongest kingdoms

Isabella of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon

Married each other which made a dynastic union of 2 rulers. They worked to strength royal authority especially in Castile. They got the pope to give them the right to select the most important church officials and created a Spanish Catholic Church where they would use the clergy as pawns for more royal power. They also used their authority to reform the Church,

Cardinal Ximenes

Isabella’s chief minster who restored discipline and eliminated immorality among monks and secular clergy

Tolerance of Jews in Span

Unlike other countries, Jews were tolerated but eventually they were persecuted so some of they had to convert to Christianity

1478 Spanish Inquisition

Under Spanish Society pressure, Ferdinand and Isabella asked to pope to introduce the Inquisition. The inquisition used cruel efficiency to guarantee whether if the Jewish converts were actually genuine on converting or not.

Effects of the Inquisition

150,000 Jews fleeing and the “encouragement“ of Muslims to Convert to Christianity and the conquest of Muslim Grenada.

Habsburg success

Instead of wars, they used marriage to make them an international power and made France fear that soonthey would be surrounded by the Habsburg.

Eastern Europe’s Struggle for Strong Monarchy

Polish had a lot of problems like war with many countries. Aristocrats established power and they made it so that they can elect their own kings, but the kings they elected were weak. The Hussite Wars also led to civil war. Bohemian nobles increased authority. Hungary establish power but returned to weak rule. The principality of Moscow rose to power among Mongol dissension.

King Matthias Corvinus

broke the power of wealthy lords and created an organized bureaucracy. He was a patron to humanism

Ottomon Turks

People who spread rapidly into the Seljuk Turks and the Byzantine Empire. Defeated the Serbs where King Lazar (Serbia) and Sultan Murad *Ottoman( died in the battle of Kosovo (1389). Laid siege to Constantinople and used massive cannons to kill the Byzantine Emperor, Sultan Mehmet II. 

John Wycliffe

Theologian who was disgusted with clerical corruption who said that the papal claims of universal authority was not valid and that the popes should not have authority saying that the Bible was the only thing that had authority,  He urged that the bible should be made available into the vernacular so every Christian could read it. His followers were Lollards.

Lollardy

a movement that was a product of John Wyclif whose values was that the Bible has sole authority and not the pope, the bible should be made into common language, and the condemnation of pilgrimages, veneration of saints, and a bunch of rituals

john Hus

Chancellor of the University at Prague who called to eliminate corruption of the clergy and attacked excessive power of the papacy. The Council of Constance summoned John Hus to the council but was arrested and burned at the stake in 1415 which put unrest in Bohemia and revolution, the following wards were the Hussite Wars.

Decree if Sacrisancta

a general council of the Church received its authority of God so every Christian (the pope too) was subject to the councils authority

Decree of Frequens

[rpvided for the regular holding of general councils so that efforts in improving the church was frequent.

Execrabilis

Issued by Pope Pius I, it condemned appeals to a council over the head of a pope as heretical.

Effects of the Decrees

Useless because you would need a Pope to actually put those into effect and ain’t no pope gonna do all that. Not to mention popes were trying to defeat the conciliar movement for a long time

Pope Julius II

Warrior pope who was heavily involved in war and polities. Led wars against his enemies and a lot of Christians got mad. Patron of Renaissance culture but only was a patron for policy. Tore down the Basilica of Saint Peter

Nepotism

Favoritism shown or patronage granted to relatives

Pope Sixtus IV

Prime example of nepotism. Made his nephews Cardinals and ave them church offices to make them rich.

Alexander VI

Raised his son, nephew and brother in law to a Cardinal.

Pope Leo X

Julius' II’ son who was a genuine patron of Renaissance culture

Lorenzo de’ Medici

Acquired a taste in art, manners, and social life among the Florentine Elite and became a Pope.

How did the English strengthen its monarchy?

established Court of Star Chamber which controlled irresponsible activity of nobles

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Emperor who used the Reichstag  to centralize the administration by creating new institutions common to the entire empire

Reichstag 

The imperial diet, assembly, or parlimentFex