History Midterm

feudalism

political system based on the granting of land in return for loyalty, military, assistance, and other services,

**Abbasid Caliphate**

* Third caliphate after muhammad’s death 


* Focused on knowledge and curiosity
* Expanding to non arab muslims 

**Baghdad**

* New capital city of Abbasid caliphate
* Became a major center of knowledge 

**House of Wisdom**

* Center of knowledge 
* Some of the best inventions and advancements were created in this area 
* Medical advancements, math equations 

mongols

* Nomadic tribe from central asia 
* Pastoral people with special skills as horsemen (spiritually connected to horses) 
* Barbarian stereotype (brutal - kill, steal) 
* Largest land empire in world history 

crusades

  Christian troops who fight against the islamic empire for the holy land (Jerusalem)

cultural diffusion

 the transmission of idea through exposure (trade, travel, war) Translating and preserving Greek and Roman technologies

anda

 blood pact between Genghis Khan and his brother

grand canal

Kublai commissioned the expansion of the Grand canal to Beijing/ increase efficiency in transport / trade connection to capital building

**Uyghur script**

* Script that was adapted once Ghangus Khan became leader

**Pax Mongolica**

* Mongolian Peace
* 4 legacies (Religious tolerance/Written language/ Support of trade crafts and art/Legal code, Jasagh)

Yuan Dynasty

· Kublai Khan unite Northern Song Dynasty with Southern Song in 1279 to establish the Yuan Dynastys

*  the first foreign run dynasty in Chinese history 
* Viewed themselves as above outsiders - not accepting 

Karakorum

* Capital of the Yuan Dynasty

Jasagh

* Legal code, led to Pax Mongolica

**Sinicization**

* Adapting policies to be more Chinese.

**Benevolent Rule**

* policies and laws that are designed to benefit citizens 

**Byzantine Empire**

Eastern Roman empire after the fall of Rome in 476 CE - 1453; preserved Greek, Roman and Islamic culture; elaborate trade networks that connected Italian city-states to the Middle East.

**Ottoman Empire**

Conquered the Byzantines: took Constantinople in 1453.

* Controlled trade around the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
* Took over Abbasid Caliphate

**Constantinople / Istanbul**

Mega trade center that connects europe to asia aka italian middle states to middle east 

**Genghis Khan**

* United the mongol tribes in 1206
* Prioritized military organization and cutthroat battle tactics
* Adopted a written script called Uyghur
* Embraced trade, artistic, and religious freedoms
* Created a leagal code called Jasagh that led to Pax Mongolica
* Established capital city in Khara Khorum

**Temujin**

* Genghis Khan birth name

**Börte**

Genghis Khan’s wife

**Jamukka**

* Mongol Military Leader, blood brother

**Kublai Khan**

* Genghis Khan’s Grandson
* Kublai Khan means “The Great Khan
* Kublai is known for defeating Southern Song Dynasty to create the Yuan Dynasty
* Moves capital to Dadu (Beijing)

**What is the Islamic Golden Age? Provide some characteristics that describe the significance of the Islamic Golden Age on post-classical Middle Eastern society and the World?**

 Muslims achieved a level of intellectual and scientific success often credited to the renaissance scholars of Europe, but the Muslims did it 800 years earlier. 

 Key terms: 

* Abbasid Caliphate
* Baghdad 
* House of Wisdom 
* Cultural Diffusion 

 Islamic ideas make their way to Europe through Muslim rule in Spain, Crusades, and Expansion of the Ottoman Empire. 

**Explain specifically why Genghis Khan was a strong leader for the Mongols.**

Genghis Khan was a strong leader for Mongol because he united the Mongol tribes and embraced trade, artistic, and religious freedom. He prioritized military organization and cutthroat battle tactics. He also adapted a written script called Uyghur and created a legal code called Jasagh that led to PaxMongolica. His ability to conquer the land with great physical strength led him to be a strong leader.

 

**For what reasons could the Mongols be considered “barbarians” by some throughout history?  Be specific.** 

 The Mongols were considered barbarians by historians because of their extremely violent battle and military tactics. They gained this stereotype because of their typically violent style of conquering. The Mongols raided towns in hopes of conquering, and killed many innocent families and people. They were focused on gaining power and land, rather than the lives of those around them. 

**How did Genghis Khan differ from his grandson Kublai Khan in their leadership and ruling styles?  Be specific.**

Genghis Khan was known as a conqueror, while Kublai Khan was a ruler. Genghis Khan led the Mongols to conquer neighboring lands and gain new land, while Kublai Khan was focused on sitting in his throne, in his palace, and ruling his people. Kublai Khan wanted to rule the Yuan Dynasty and wanted to enjoy the perks of being an emperor , Genghis Khan wanted to gain territory and expand. Kublai Khan being raised in China, resulted in him valuing the Chinese way of life, implementing these rituals and life into his government (sinicization), which Genghis had not done before. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongols and was their first emperor. 

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**Renaissance**

a period of rebirth and revival of Greek, Roman, and Islamic art, philosophy, and architecture occurring in Europe beginning in Italy around 1350 CE

**Patronage**

monetary sponsorship of artists by wealthy families or individuals

**Florence**

hot spot of Renaissance in Italy

**Humanism**

philosophy that focuses on the abilities and achievements of human beings on earth rather than focusing on death

**Gold Florin**

Florence currency that was adopted by many other countries

**Perspective**

point of view that creates depth and realism

**Printing Press**

Invention by Johannes Gutenberg that allowed for the spread of ideas through Europe and increased literacy rates

**The Protestant Reformation**

religious revolution that took place in the 16th century

**Indulgences**

free passes to heaven for good works

**Holy Roman Empire**

empire consisting primarily of a loose confederation of German and Italian territories in the Renaissance

**95 Theses**

arguments questioning the pope and Catholic Church written by Martin Luther

**Diet of Worms**

meeting called by Charles V asking Martin Luther to take back what he said about the Catholic Church

**Peace of Augsburg**

 Charles V legalizes Lutheranism in the Holy Roman Empire

**Counterreformation**

Church's attempt to clarify doctrine, strengthen spirituality, and attack Protestant faith

**Inquisition**

trials for people accused of heresy (crimes where people publicly proclaim lies about the Church)

**The Jesuits**

spread Christianity through education

**Crusades**

holy wars between Europe (Christian knights) and their attempt to reclaim the Holy Land from the Arabs who live there, started by the Pope in 1100 CE

**Michelangelo**

Italian sculptor who painted the Sistine Chapel

**Filippo Brunelleschi**

Florentine architect who built the dome for St Maria del Fiore and studied the Pantheon

**Medici Family**

powerful banking family in Florence

**Johannes Gutenberg**

Invented the printing press

**Leonardo Da Vinci**

well known Italian Renaissance artist, architect, mathematician, engineer, and scientist; known for the Mona Lisa

**Desiderius Erasmus**

created the Praise of Folly; most famous person who wrote something that challenged the church

**Martin Luther**

Monk from Wittenberg who was excommunicated. He posted the 95 These on the doors of the Church, and his arguments challenged some of the ideas and powers of the Church. This was the start of the Protestant Reformation 

**Emperor Charles V**

emperor of Holy Roman Empire during Protestant Reformation

**Frederick the Wise**

saves Martin Luther by hiding him in his castle

**King Henry VIII**

established the Church of England to be able to divorce wives and remarry

**Explain the causes of the Renaissance that began in Europe in the early 15th century.**

Some factors were the roots of Greece and Rome (the difference in architecture, language, philosophy, art, humanism, democracy, legal codes, and other feats of strength), the Islamic Golden Age, the Byzantine Empire from Cultural Diffusion by trade, and Crusades which were wars for the Christians to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem from the Muslims

It began in Italy because the government they were using were centralized, they had money (paid people to create a lot of art), city-state wealth, geography (surrounded by water and had access to everywhere in the Mediterranean, perfect for trade, and put them in close proximity to the Middle East and Constantinople), close to Greece and Rome, and Crusades brought the culture back into Rome

**What characteristics differentiate Renaissance art from the Medieval Art that came before it? Be specific.**

 Renaissance art focused on humanism and perspective, and it had qualities of Greek and Roman art (arches, domes). Medieval art was not realistic, had no perspective, and did not have qualities of Greek and Roman art.

  

**Explain the order of the major events as they took place in the Protestant Reformation.**

1517: Martin Luther posts 95 Theses on the door in Wittenberg

1521: Diet of Worms called by Charles V

Martin Luther flees and is harbored by Fredrick the Wise

Start of Lutheran Church

1530: Calvinism founded by John Calvin in France

1534: Anglican faith is founded by Henry VIII in England (Church of England)

1555: Peace of Augsburg

Maritime Trade

efficient sea-based trade that initiated globalization

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that ruled from 1368-1644, influenced by Neo-Confucianism and traditional Chinese ideals

Mandate of Heaven

 a right to rule assigned to emperors from heaven, justification for succession, based on weather or not a leader is virtuous

Middle Kingdom (Zhong Guo)

The belief that China is right between Heaven and earth and is therefore “above” all other societies. 

Neo Confucianism

Chinese philosophy influenced by Confucian practices and values during the Ming Dynasty

Ming Voyages

7 voyages across the Indian Ocean to gain tribute for China and get other countries to acknowledge their “middle kingdom” status, led by Zheng He

Fabled Unicorns

Giraffes that were brought back into China from the Ming Voyages.

Filial Piety

confucian idea of how children should treat their parents and elders with utmost respect

Forbidden City

City in the center of Beijing blocked off by walls, built by Zhu DI (Yongle Emperor); those who lived here were members of the elite in the Ming dynasty

Tributary System

traditional Chinese system for managing foreign relations, China would receive large gifts and tributes, in exchange for rights to trade within and maintain contact with China. Rulers of foreign lands would demonstrate subservience to China’s emperor for these privileges. 

Global Silver trade

A trade network around the world that stemmed from China’s high demand for silver. (Silver was needed for China’s currency and was supplied through countries like Spain and Japan and traded through various European countries)

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of new crops, animals and, diseases between Americans and Afro Eurasia 

Mercantilism

theory that there is limited wealth in the world and the best way to gain the wealth is colonize/control everything (Like hungry hungry hippos example) Europe used this idea to justify their actions 

Atlantic Slave Trade

Was another effect of the Age of exploration and involved trading African slaves in exchange for alcohal and other goods

Explain the concept of the Mandate of Heaven as it relates to Chinese leadership.

The Mandate of Heaven is a belief in Chinese leadership practices that states the emperor has a God given right to become and serve as emperor. This means that people being ruled by these emperors believed them to have “godly powers” and were thus more inclined to follow them without question. 

Choose Chinese Confucian Values and explain them as they relate to relevant Ming Dynasty policies.

The **Mandate of Heaven** puts Chinese emperors on a religious pedestal, similar to how the Divine Right of Kings holds crimes against the government at equal value to sins against God. The mandate explains China’s rationale using the tributary system to gain tribute for their emperor, rather than for economic gain or colonization. 

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**Zhong Guo**, a Chinese belief that they are the middle kingdom between heaven and earth and are above all other empires, is also well explained through the purpose of the tributary system. China’s attempt to spread the message that it is the middle kingdom through showcasing its grand Treasure Fleet and requesting subservience from other emperors shows just how committed the emperor was to Confucian Values 

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Confucianism’s **Dynastic Cycle** falls into a pattern of how as one empire falls, another one rises to power. By “falling”, confucianists see it as the emperor losing virtue and another gaming the mandate. The Ming Dynasty fell into this dynastic cycle because it came into power as the Yuan Dynasty began to fall and traditionally Chinese and Confuscian ideals were restored back to the throne.

How is European exploration different from the Treasure Fleet (Ming Voyages) of Admiral Zheng He?

* European Exploration is different from the Treasure Fleet of Admiral Zheng He because the Treasure Fleet of Admiral Zheng’s main goal was to gain tribute for China and spanned over 7 main voyages taking place on treasure ships called junks. European Exploration on the other hand, consisted of various explorers who traveled for various reasons including
* God - desire to spread christianity
* Gold - travel new trade routes - rise of mercantilism (wealth = power)
* Glory - personal gain for their own empire 

Overall European Exploration had more variety in influential figures and spanned over different amounts of times when in the Ming Voyages only had 7 voyages and spanned over the lifetime of a single man; Zheng He.

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What is the Columbian Exchange? In what ways did it lead to the first era of Globalization?

The Columbian Exchange is the exchange of new crops, animals, and diseases between Americans and Afro Eurasia. It lead to the first era of Globalization because it connected trade networks to different parts of the world. This helped with colonization 

**Popular sovereignty**

needing to have consent of the people before the government takes actions. 

**Consent of the governed**

given power from the people” the opposite of the divine right of kings

**Divine Right of Kings**

 a doctrine saying that kings receive their authority from God, rather than from their subjects (the people)

**Edict of Nantes**

was signed to give people religious freedom, Louis XIV revoked it

**The Fronde**

a series of civil wars in France that started to stop the growing of the government's power.

**Philosophes**

the french philosophers; montesquieu, rousseau, voltaire and denis dederot

**Encyclopedie**

the book of the compiled ideas of the philosophies of Denis Dederot.

**Estates General**

the council of one person each to represent the three estates and the king

**First Estate**

the clergy, 1%, paid no taxes

**Second Estate**

the nobles, paid few taxes 

**Third Estate**

paid most of the taxes, had to pay tithes to the church 

**Bourgeoisie**

upper middle class, part of the third estate. 

**French Revolution**

creation of the national assembly (3rd estate breaks away from estates general to form a national assembly to call for fairer taxation), legislative assembly, and the directory. Napoleon Bonaparte becomes consul of France. 

**Haitian Revolution**

 a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial revolt by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue (Haiti)

**National Assembly**

group formed by 3rd estate after Estates General of 1789

**Declaration of the Rights of Ma**n

document written by National Assembly to advocate for their individual rights and freedoms

**Storming of the Bastille**

On July 14, 1789, fears that King Louis XVI was about to arrest France's newly constituted National Assembly led a crowd of Parisians to successfully besiege the Bastille, an old fortress that had been used since 1659 as a state prison.

**Reign of Terror**

**a period of  the French Revolution where the radical wing of the national convention took over and formed the COmmittee for public safety. It was led by Maximilien Roberpierre and was supposed to prosecute people that were against the government. THey killed over 40,000 citizens including King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.**  

**John Locke**

believed in natural rights to life, liberty, property, and democracy

**Jean Jacques Rousseau**

believed in democracy, Checks and balances; popular sovereignty (consent of governed)

**Baron de Montesquieu**

believed in democracy and ​​three branch government.

**Voltaire**

believed in democracy and Freedom of speech. Freedom of religion

**Simon Bolivar**

established the first republic of venezuela. successfully fought Spanish forces and created a short-lived "Gran Colombia" between 1819 and 1830 that was modeled after the United States

**Father Miguel Hidalgo**

Hidalgo issued the “Grito de Dolores” (“Cry of Dolores”), calling for the end of Spanish rule, for racial equality, and for redistribution of land. The speech effectively launched the Mexican War of Independence (1810–21).