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why do we need lipids
major energy storage system - extra energy digested gets converted to fat
also used to cushion organs and bones, insulate, make cell membranes, make hormones and vitamins that help in biological processes
some needed to maintain healthy hair, skin and nails
what are lipids
contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
vary in structure - many are insoluble in water because they lack polar groups (hydrophobic)
fats and oils
made up of fatty acids - long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end
because the carboxyl group is a polar group, fatty acids are insoluble in water
saturated fatty acids
have double bonds between their carbon atoms
unsaturated fatty acids
have double bonds in the carbon chain where there are less than two hydrogens per carbon atom
triglycerides
glycerol and 3 fatty acids used to store energy long term
store energy more efficiently than carbohydrates because lipids have more carbon-hydrogen bonds which store more energy than carbon-oxygen bonds
fats
triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids
ex. butter is solid at room temperature
oils
triglycerides with unsaturated fatty acids
ex corn oil is liquid at room temperature
steroids
has a carbon skeleton of 4 fused rings with various functional groups attached
used to control and perform body functions
types of steroids
hormones - sex hormones like testosterone, aldosterone regulates sodium levels in the blood (4 fused rings)
cholesterol - found in animals but not plants - needed for construction of other steroids, adds strength to cell membranes as well as other cellular activities
waxes
made of long fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain
are highly waterproof and form a protective covering that also lessens the loss of water
found on plant leaves and fruits; fur, skin and ear canals in animals
unsaturated fats
reduce blood cholesterol when they replace saturated fats in the diet
found in products derived from plant sources
decrease LDL and increase HDL
polyunsaturated fats
found in high concentration in sunflower, corn and soybean oils
monounsaturated fats
found in high concentrations in canola, peanut and olive oils
LDL
carrt cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body
when too much, it can be deposited on the walls of coronary arteries
HDL
carry cholesterol from the blood back to the liver
processes the cholesterol for elimination from the body
less likely that excess cholesterol in the blood will be deposited in the coronary arteries
saturated fats
mainly animal fats
found in meat, seafood, whole milk dairy products, poultry skin, and egg yolks
coconut and coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil
boost LDL and HDL
trans fats
packed more together
produced by heating liquid vegetables oils in the presence of hydrogen (hydrogenation)
more hydrogenated an oil is, harder it will be at room temperature
mostly found in commercially prepared baked goods, margarines, snack foods and processed foods
raise bad LDL and lower good HDL
fire inflammation, and overactivity of the immune system and overactivity of the immune system that has been implicated in heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other chronic conditions