Science Olympiad-Designer Genes

What are the two purines of DNA?

Adenine and Guanine

What are the two pyrimidines of DNA?

Cytosine and Thymine

What does the structure of a DNA nucleotide look like?

Deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What are two differences between DNA and RNA?

RNA=Uracil

DNA=double strand

RNA=single strand

DNA=Thymine

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid

What do chromosomes contain?

Genes

What do genes do?

Determine traits

Why don't siblings look exactly like each other and have the exact same traits?

Different Alleles

How does the structure of DNA allow for replication to occur?

The double helix can be split in half to allow different base pairs to connect with each other

What is the function of DNA?

DNA controls all the functions for your cells.

What is the function of RNA?

To make proteins

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Where does translation occur?

Cytoplasm

Translate this sequence from DNA into RNA:

UAA ACG CUG UTC AUU AUC

ATT TGC GAC ACT TAA CAT

What does a missense mutation do?

A base pair is switched

What does a nonsense mutation do?

The sequence is prematurely stopped

What happens in an insertion mutation?

A letter is inserted into the sequence

What happens in a deletion mutation?

A letter is deleted from the sequence

What is the structure of chromosomes?

Chromosomes have a centromere in the middle and are two sister chromatids joined together by this centromere

What is the function of chromosomes?

To store the DNA and genes

What did Watson and Crick contribute to the discovery of DNA structure?

They built a model of the DNA to show how it was put together

Why do we make DNA into mRNA?

Because we can't let DNA go out of the nucleus for risk of damage

Where would you find a codon?

mRNA strand

Where would you find the anti-codon?

tRNA strand

How would the DNA in two sister chromatids compare to each other?

identical DNA

How would the DNA in two homologous chromosomes compare together?

They would have the same genes but different alleles

Describe the alleles of a homozygous individual:

They would have two of the same allele

Name one purpose of DNA

Growth

Describe the difference between Genotype and Phenotype

Phenotype=physical attributes

Genotype=genetic structure

What is the role of meiosis?

Reproduction

How many daughter cells are created in Meiosis?

4

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Haploid=1 copy

Diploid= 2 copies of every cell

What is the stage that most cells spend their lives in?

Interphase

What 6 components would you expect to find in DNA?

A,T,G,C, phosphates and sugar

Fill in the blank:

A,T,G,C are _____________base models.

Nitrogenous

What 3 molecules you would find in the nucleotide?

Deoxyribose sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base

If you have a purine on one side, of the DNA molecule, what do you have on the other side?

Pyrimidine

Which part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?

Nitrogen Base

What needs to happen first in DNA replication?

The DNA needs to be on the same side

What do we call the proteins in DNA?

Histones

Fill in the blanks:

Homologous chromosomes have the same______, but have different_____.

Genes, Alleles

Why did people think that protein held the information for the genetic code rather than the DNA?

Because the protein was much more complex

If you were to cross 2 heterozygous individuals, what would the ratio be?

3 dominant, 1 recessive

Fill in the blanks:

The genetic info stored in the_____is used to make a ______.

DNA, protein

What is the structure of a chromosome?

Double helix of base pairs that is generally many base pairs long

Which process produces genetically identical cells?

Mitosis

The method by which a cell's cytoplasm divides is called______.

Cytokinesis

The piece of DNA that codes for a protein is a

Gene

For humans, the haploid number is_____and the diploid number is_____.

23, 46

Complete dominance refers to traits that have __________.

Only two forms

What is the base that is different in RNA than in DNA?

Uracil in RNA, Thymine in DNA

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

A gene is a part of DNA while an allele is different versions of the same gene

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Phenotype= Physical appearance

Genotype= Genetic structure

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

Homozygous means you have two of the same alleles and heterozygous means you have two different alleles for the same gene

If a punnet square had 3 dominant traits of T and one recessive trait, what would the ratio be?

2:2:0

If a punnet square had 2 dominant traits of M and 2 recessive traits, what would the ratio be?

0:4:0

Summarize Mendel's experiment:

He crossbred two varieties of peas to see the results

Summarize Mendel's first law:

That gametes combine randomly in forming offspring

What was Mendel's first law called?

Law of Segregation

What was Mendel's second called?

Law of Independent Assortment

Summarize Mendel's second law:

The alleles of one gene are distributed independently of one another

What are the four stages of the cell cycle in order?

G1, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis

What happens in Anaphase of mitosis?

Centromeres divide and the chromatids are split

The_______ is where ____is stored in ______.

Nucleus, DNA, chromosomes

The complex combination of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes

Chromatin

The proteins in DNA

Histones

What are the four stages of the cell cycle in order?

G1, Synthesis, G2, Mitosis

What are the six stages of Mitosis in order?

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Is Interphase a stage of Mitosis or not?

No, it's a prep phase.

Chromosomes that come in pairs

Homologous Chromosomes

The physical appearance of an organism

Phenotype

The genetic makeup of an organism

Genotype

An allele that only needs one gene copy to be shown

Dominant

An allele that needs two copies to be shown

Recessive

It is when both alleles are the same for this gene. This has two possibilities

Homozygous

An individual has two different alleles for that gene. There is always a dominant and recessive allele.

Heterozygous

a naturally occurring or synthetic compound consisting of large molecules made up of a linked series of repeated simple monomers

Polymer

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Monomer

one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

Allele

Technique in which x-rays scientists can see the shadow of a molecule.

X-ray Diffraction

Where is DNA stored?

In chromosomes

Where are chromosomes located?

In the nucleus of a cell

What the proteins wrapped around DNA called?

Histones

What encodes the traits?

Genes

What are pairs of chromosomes called?

Homologous

What are the two types of phenotypes?

Dominant and Recessive

What are the 3 parts of a DNA Nucleotide?

Deoxyribose Sugar, Phospate Group, Nitrogenous Base

What goes with Adenine?

Thymine

What goes with Guanine?

Cytosine

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with G&C?

3

How many Hydrogen bonds are formed with A&T?

2

Who was the first researcher to unlock the secrets of inheritance?

Gregor Mendel

How many copies of genes do parents have?

2

What molecule holds the info of the DNA?

Genes

How can we predict the outcome of traits?

Punnet Squares

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine are examples of _____models.

Nitrogenous base

If you have a purine on one side what do you have on the other side?

Pyrimidine

What bases are Pyrimidines?

Cytosine and Thymine

What bases are Purines?

Adenine and Guanine

What part of a DNA molecule creates the genetic code?

The Nitrogenous Base