UF-BSC2010 Exam 1, BSC 2010 UF Exam 1

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674 Terms

1

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

-not saturated with hydrogen bonds
-double bonds/kinks in carbon chain
-liquid at room temp

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2

Fat's major function

storing energy

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3

Phospholipids

-hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
-major components of cell membranes
-form phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads facing extracellular fluid and cytosol, hydrophobic tails inward)

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4

Anabolic reactions

-construction of complex molecules from simpler ones
-require/absorb energy
-endergonic reactions, free energy of products > reactants

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5

Catabolic reactions

-breakdown of complex molecules to simpler ones
-release energy
-exergonic reactions, free energy of products < reactants

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6

Nucleic Acids made of

-polymers of nucleotide monomers

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7

Nucleic acids function

-store, transmit, and use hereditary information in the form of genes

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8

Types of nucleic acids (major)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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9

DNA function

store information, direct RNA synthesis and control protein synthesis

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10

RNA function

translate DNA into polypeptides (proteins)

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11

Nucleotide

-5-carbon sugar
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base

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12

Nucleoside

-pentose sugar
-nitrogenous base

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13

Phosphodiester bond

-bind nucleotides (condensation rxn)
-hydroxyl group on 3' carbon and phosphate group on 5' carbon of subsequent nucleotide
-forms polynucleotide backbone

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14

Pyrimidines

-nucleotides with one ring structure
-Cytosine
-Thymine/Uracil (in RNA)

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15

Purines

-nucleotides with two ring structures
-Adenine
-Guanine

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16

RNA structure

-Single stranded
-H-bonds can make it fold back on itself

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17

DNA structure

-two strands (double helix)
-H-bonds form between pyrimidines on one strand and purines on the other
-always three rings b/w carbon backbones of each antiparallel strand

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18

Complementary base pairing rules

DNA: Cytosine and Guanine, Thymine and Adenine
RNA: Cytosine and Guanine, Uracil and Adenine

C-G stronger than A-T

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19

Transcription

the info from DNA transferred to the messenger RNA in the nucleus

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20

Translation

ribosomal complex attaches to mRNA to form a polypeptide (protein)

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21

Central Dogma

DNA transcribed into complimentary strand of RNA, which is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids that results in the creation of a protein

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22

Proteins

-polymers of amino acids
-enzymes, defense, regulation, receptors, storage, structure, movement, transport, gene expression

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23

Amino acids

-20 common ones, proteins made of these
-amino group on one end, carboxyl on the other, variable R group
-nature of side chain determines nature of amino acid

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24

Peptides (oligopeptides)

-short polymers of only 20 or fewer amino acids
-signaling molecules/some hormones

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25

Polar amino acid

has a polar side chain (hydrophilic)

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26

Nonpolar amino acid

has a non polar side chain (hydrophobic)

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27

Cysteine

-SH at end of R group, forms disulfide bridge which helps determine how a protein folds

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28

Gylcine

single H atom in side chain, small enough to fit into tight corners in a protein molecule

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29

Proline

ring structure

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30

Peptide bonds

-covalent bonds b/w amino acids (dehydration)
-polymerization occurs from the amino ends towards the carboxyl end
-grows form the amino terminus to the carboxyl terminus

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31

Primary structure

amino acid sequence that makes up the backbone of the protein

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32

Secondary structure

alpha helices and beta pleated sheets, result of hydrogen bonding b/w repeating parts of the polypeptide backbone

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33

Tertiary structure

refers to bonds between variable groups of amino acids
-disulfide bridge example of R-group interactions that contribute to tertiary structure

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34

Quaternary structure

highest level of protein structure,
-formed by the combination of multiple polypeptides into functional units
-not all proteins have this

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35

Enzymes

-special class of proteins, speeds up rxns without being permanently altered/consumed
-name of enzymes usually end in -ase

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36

Ribozymes

-special kinds of catalytic RNA molecules

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37

Active site

-area in the enzyme where substrates are held
-specific to one kind of substrate

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38

Substrate

-the reactant that binds to an enzyme and is chemically modified by it

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39

Enzyme-substrate complex

formed when two specific substrates bind to the active site

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40

Induced fit

-when a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, it will bring chemical groups into the appropriate position to enhance their ability to catalyze the rxn
-baseball & catcher's mit

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41

Cofactors

-nonprotein organic compounds/inorganic ions necessary for a catalyzed reaction to proceed

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42

Prosthetic groups

non-amino acid groups that are permanently bound to their enzymes

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43

Coenzymes

enzymes that remove chemical groups from the substrate

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44

Metabolic pathway

step-by-step, enzyme mediated process by which a precursor molecule is converted into a final product

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45

Enzyme inhibitors

-substances that stop and enzyme from doing its job

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46

Irreversible inhibition

inhibitor COVALENTLY binds to the side chain on the active site of an enzyme, blocking substrates form binding to it

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47

Competitive inhibitors

-reversible inhibition
-attach to an enzymes active site so that the substrate cannot bind to the enzyme

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48

Noncompetitive inhibitors

-bind to a site other than the active site and change the enzyme's shape so that the active site cannot accept the substrate molecule any longer
-example of all0steric regulation

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49

Allosteric regulation

-occurs when the function of an enzyme is affected by the binding of some kind of non-substrate regulatory molecule at another site (allosteric site)
-this makes the binding of substrate molecules to its active sire either easier or harder

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50

Allosteric activators

activate enzymatic activity

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51

Allosteric inhibitors

inhibit enzymatic activity

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52

Protein kinases

-enzymes that modify proteins by adding phosphate groups
-increases rates of reaction by phosphorylating allosteric or active sites of other enzymes

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53

Protein phosphatases

enzymes that modify proteins by removing phosphate groups (undoing the work of protein kinases)

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54

Feedback inhibition

-the end product acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor in the first enzyme in a metabolic pathway, shutting down the pathway

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55

Commitment step

-first reaction in the metabolic pathway
-shut down in feedback inhibition

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56

Isozymes

enzymes that catalyze the same reactions, but that have different physical properties and compositions

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57

Cell theory

-all organisms consist of one or more cells
-cells are the smallest functional unit of life
-all cells arise from pre-existing cells

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58

Plasma membrane

-"outer barrier"
-selectively permeable
-

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59

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic both have

-DNA
-ribosomes
-cytosol
-plasma membrane

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60

Prokaryotic cells

-oldest cells
-no membrane bound organelles
-one circular chromosome in nucleoid region
-most have cell wall-peptidoglycan (sugars & amino acids)
-flagella

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61

Eukaryotic cells

-membrane-bound organelles
-larger than prokaryotic
-multiple, complex chromosomes
-double-nuclear membrane (nuclear envelope)

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62

3 major parts of eukaryotic cells

-nucleus
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane

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63

Nucleus

-DNA replication and transcription occurs here
-enclosed in nuclear envelope
-dense region (nucleolus)
-shape maintained by nuclear lamina

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64

Chromosomes

-made of condensed chromatin, which consists of a complex of DNA and proteins
-contain genetic info

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65

Nuclear envelope

-double membrane
-contains nuclear pores that regulate the flow of materials to the rest of the cell

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66

Nucleolus

-dense region
-ribosomal RNA (rRNA) made

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67

Ribosomes

-made of rRNA and a protein complex
-not membrane bound (free floating in cytoplasm-pro&eu or attached to rough ER-eu)
-protein synthesis
-protein complex takes mRNA (messenger RNA) and translate the code into an amino acid sequence to build polypeptides

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68

Cytoplasm

everything within the cell except for the nucleus or nucleoid region

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69

Endomembrane system

-performs metabolic functions and regulates protein traffic within the cell
-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, lysosomes and plasma membrane

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70

Endoplasmic reticulum

-continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
-biosynthetic factory of the cell, produces various molecules

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71

Rough ER

-studded with ribosomes
-used to make proteins
-once made, proteins modified in lumen of rough ER and tagged for delivery
-proteins sent out into cell via transport vesicles

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72

Smooth ER

-used to make lipids, polysaccharides, steroids and phospholipids
-detoxifies small molecules

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73

Golgi apparatus

-receives the products of the endoplasmic reticulum, modifies them, and ships the modified products either to the rest of the cell or outside the cell via transport vesicles
-polysaccharide synthesis in plants
-cisternae: membranous sacs evolved from the ER
-cis: same side, trans: opposite side

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74

Lysosomes

-sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that break down large molecules
-intracellular digestion
-animal cells only

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75

Phagocytosis

-cells take in macromolecules, plasma membrane engulfs material forming phagosome

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76

Primary lysosome

-emerges from trans side of golgi apparatus

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77

Secondary lysosome

-when phagosomes combine with primary lysosomes
-the hydrolytic enzymes digest the contents of the phagosome

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78

Autophagy

-lysosomes that selectively destroy old cell parts

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79

Not part of endomembrane system

-mitochondria
-chloroplasts

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80

Mitochondria

-powerhouse of the cell
-cellular respiration occurs here
-cells convert energy to ATP through redox reactions
-double membrane
-cristae: highly folded
-innre membrane divides the mitochondrion into the inter membrane space and the mitochondrial matrix

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81

Chloroplasts

-kind of plastid that contains photosynthetic pigments that convert light energy to chemical energy
-double membrane

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82

Chlorophyll

-photosynthetic pigment that gives plants their green color

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83

Thylakoids

-saclike membranes that are interconnected to form stacks of grana
-lumen inside of these

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84

Stroma

-fluid that exists outside the thylakoid membrane
-synthesis of carbohydrates here

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85

Similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

-both involved in energy conversion
-neither part of endomembrane system
-double membranes
-independent DNA and ribosomes
-proteins made by free ribosomes

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86

Peroxisomes

specialized organelles that use enzymes to break down the toxic by-products of metabolism

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87

Glyoxysomes

specialized organelles where stored lipids are converted into carbohydrates
-plants only

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88

Vacuoles

-plants & fungi
-storage: waste and toxic products
-structure: central vacuole increases in size when water enters
-reproduction
-catabolism: breakdown of waste products
-osmotic balance

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89

Cytoskeleton

-network of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments that branch throughout the cytoplasm
-gives cells their 3-D shape and assist in transport of organelles
-dynamic

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90

Microfilaments

-solid rods made of actin (protein)
-smallest
-fix organelles in place, support the cell's shape
-dynamic instability: can be broken down and subsequently be reorganized

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Intermediate filaments

-thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules
-help anchor the nucleus and other organelles
-position and she more permanent

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Microtubules

-thick, hollow rods with walls made of tubulin (globular protein)
-guide organelle movements and separate chromosomes during cell division

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93

Cilia

-made from microtubules
-bend in beating motion due to dynein

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Flagella

-longer than cilia
-move in snakelike motion

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95

Cell walls

-plants
-protects from infection
-maintains shape and volume
-prevents from taking in excessive amounts of water
-made of polysaccharide, proteins and lignin

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Extracellular matrix

-gel like matrix of glycoproteins
-support, adhesion, movement, regulation, filtering of materials, orientation of cell movement

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97

Cell junctions

-connections between cells formed by specialized structure that "glue" adjacent cells together

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98

Plasmodesmata

made of fused vacuoles that allow cytoplasm to flow from one cell to another
-make the plant one continuos system

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99

Tight junctions

-animal cells
-seal off adjoining cells preventing extracellular fluids from moving across a cell layer

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100

Desmosomes

-affix cells together in strong sheets, but allow some materials to move in the extracellular matrix

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