Studied by 23 people
action potential
a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon Starts at the axon hilloks is all of nothing
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
compound used by cells to store and release energy
Anion
A negatively charged ion
anterograde transport
movement down the axon Away from soma (new proteins) *A and A (away and anterograde)
Astrocyte
a glial cell that provides physical support, transports nutrients, increases blood flow, helps form synapses
Autonomic Nervous System
A part of the peripheral nervous system that provides the main neural connections to the internal organs. consist of the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic nervous system
autoreceptors
signal the presynaptic neuron to stop releasing the neurotransmitter
Axon
A single extension from the nerve cell that carries the electrical signal from the cell body toward axon terminals. Is in the conduction zone
Axon Hillock
the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
Axon Terminal
the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell
behavioral intervention
-manipulating the behavior may affect the body and/or the brain -Independent variable: Behavior -Dependent variable: body/brain changes
brain
The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system
Calcium
-Ca2+ -equilibrium potential= +120 mV -is Cations
Cations
positively charged ions
cell body (soma)
-is part of the Integration Zone
Central Nervous System (CNS)
consists of the brain and spinal cord
c-fos
help visualize neuronal activity of cells
Chloride (Cl)
-equilibrium potential is -60 mV -is an Anions
Concentration gradient
Movement from areas of high to low concentration
correlational studies
a research method that examines how variables are naturally related in the real world, without any attempt by the researcher to alter them or assign causation between them
Dendrite
an extension of the cell body that receives information from other neurons part of the input zone
Diffusion
transmitter substance floats away from the synapse
Dualism
mind and body are separate
dual = two
Dynactin protein
transports back to soma in retrograde transport
electrostatic pressure
-Movement towards oppositely charged areas -like charges repel and opposites attract
enzymatic degradation
the transmitter action is deactivated by an enzyme
equilibrium potential
The point at which the movement of ions across the cell membrane Is Balanced
EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
generated by depolarization -Some ionotropic receptors allow Sodium to pass thru.
Exocytosis
Ca2+ entry causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release the neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft
falling phase
-Is a refractory period -Potassium rushes out of the cell via voltage-gated potassium channels causing the membrane potential to become more negative
free nerve endings
respond to pain and temperature
glial cells
provide support and nutrients to neurons.
Golgi body
Packaging proteins in soma
Golgi stain
cell body stain -Only highlights certain cells
G protein
a protein coupled to a metabotropic receptor; activates a "second messenger" then communicates to areas within the cell to: -open or close an ion channel in the membrane -alter the production of proteins -activate a gene in the nucleus via activation of transcription factors.
graded potential
A stimulus will cause small changes in the membrane potential. The greater the stimulus, the greater the response (can vary in size)
Hyperpolarized phase
from -60mV to-70mV
Relative Refractory Period -potassium leaves the cell making it more negative
Immunocytochemistry
helps identify structure/proteins
IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
-post synaptic hyperpolarizations because they decrease the likelihood that the neuron will fire -Some ionotropic receptors allow Potassium or Chloride to pass thru.
Intracellular electrode
placed into an intracellular fluid to measure voltage
Ion
atoms or molecules with a (+) or (-) charge
Ion Channels
channel proteins that transport ions
Ion distribution
Determined by membrane pores (selective, open, closed), and types of ions (K ions pass-through more easily than Na or Ca)
Kinesin protein
moves vesicle across the microtubule in anterograde transport
levels of analysis
include somatic, behavior, and correlational intervention
Lysosome
degrades proteins found in cell body
Merkel's disks
respond to isolated points
metabotropic receptors
receptors that act through a second messenger system
Microfilaments
"bones" of the neuron
Mitochondira
provides stored energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Monism
The mind is what your brain does
Motor Neuron
A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles or glands.
Myelination
The fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells. This sheath boosts the speed at which nerve impulses are conducted.
Neurotransmitter
chemical released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them
Neurofilaments
"bones" of the neuron
Neuron
transmit an electrochemical signal
Neuron doctrine
Nervous system is made up of individual cells that are structurally, metabolically and functionally independent.
Oligodendrocyte
A type of glial cell that forms myelin in the CNS -myelinate multiple axon
Nissil stain
stains organelles
parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy Activated during non stressful conditions Rest and restore
Pacinian corpuscles
respond to deep pressure and vibration
Postsynaptic Membrane
The specialized membrane on the surface of the cell that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron.
Passive ion channels
-Are Ion channels that are always open -They do not require energy (no ATP is needed)
periphernal nervous system (PNS)
Made up of nerve tissue located outside the brain and spinal cord consist of Somatic and autonomic nervous system
Presynaptic Membrane
the specialized membrane of the axon terminal of the neuron that transmits information by releasing neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic neuron
the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse
Potassium (K+)
-is Cation
equilibrium potential is -90 mV
Presynaptic neuron
neuron that sends the signal
Protein synthesis
-is an important function in SOMA -Endoplasmic reticulum and Ribosome are protein synthesis
Proteins
are made up of one or more polypeptide that is twisted and folded into a unique shape
Reductionism
the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study
Reference electrode
the electrode placed in extracellular fluid to measure voltage
Relative refractory period
whena neuron can generate another action potential but only by a stronger than normal stimulus
Resting membrane potential
The neuron is more negative inside relative to the outside of the cell (-60 mV)
Reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron
ribosomes
translate genetic instructions from nucleus into specialized proteins needed for operation of a neuron
Ruffini corpuscles
detect stretch
Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
A pioneer in neuroscience that first demonstrated that the cells in the nervous system are Seperate and that they did not merge into each other as previously believed.
Schwann cells
a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system -myelinate one axon -Schw-ONE
Sodium (Na+)
-equilibrium potential is 55 mV -is Cations
Sodium/Potassium pump
-an active mechanism which excludes 3 Na+ ions for every 2 K+ ions taken into the cell -Requires energy supplied by adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Somatic intervention
-manipulating the body and/or the brain may affect behavior -Alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered -Independent variable: the structure or function that is being altered -Dependent variable: the response that is measured, such as a behavior
Somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
spatial summation
Integration by a postsynaptic neuron of inputs (EPSPs and IPSPs) from multiple sources. -multiple signals go off creating an action potential
Sympathetic nervous system
-"Fight or flee -Activated during arousal and stressful periods
Synapse
the cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell
Synaptic cleft
a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system
temporal summation
Summation by a postsynaptic cell of input (EPSPs or IPSPs) from a single source over time. -a single signal repreats one after the other creating an action potential
Terminal button
referred to as the output zone
transcription
DNA being copied to RNA in the nucleus
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Transmitter-gated ion channels
-is Ionotropic -are composed of four or five subunits that have a pore in the middle that open quickly by the direct action of a neurotransmitter. -Allow the passage of ions between the inside and outside of the cell. -There are multiple subtypes that can either have an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic neuron.
unmyelinated axons
Sodium rushing in via voltage-gated sodium channels and depolarizes the membrane, which triggers the opening ofadjacent voltage-gated s odium channels. -This process continues until the action potential reaches the terminal button.
Voltage -gated calcium channels
A membrane protein forming a pore that is permeable to Ca2+ ions and gated by depolarization of the membrane.
Voltage-gated potassium channels
Allow K+ to flow out of the cell, moving the potential back towards the negative equilibrium potential of potassium.
Voltage-gated sodium channels
-are present at the axon hillock -At resting membrane potential (RMP, -60 mV), they are closed
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, involved in arousal.
retrograde transport
movement up the axon toward the soma (communicates metabolic needs and waste material) *R and R (Return and Retrograde)
