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42 Terms

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Natural Rights
The rights given to all humans, simply for the sake of being human.
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Social Contract
The people agree to give up certain rights to accept a central authority which will protect all their rights.
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Popular Sovereignty
A doctrine in political theory that government is created by and subject to the will of the people.
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Republicanism
A theory of government that emphasizes the participation of citizens for the common good of the community.
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Participatory Democracy
Democracy in which citizens have the power to decide directly on policy and politicians are responsible for implementing those policy decisions.
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Pluralist Theory
A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies.
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Elitist Theory
Power is concentrated, elites are unified, non-elites are diverse and powerless, elite interests are unified due to common backgrounds and power is institutional position.
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Articles of Confederation
The agreement made by the original 13 states in 1777 establishing a confederacy to be known as the United States of America.
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Shay's Rebellion
Uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions.
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Constitutional Convention
A convention of delegates from all the states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in May of 1787.
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Virginia Plan
James Madison's Virginia Plan outlined a strong national government with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
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New Jersey Plan
Proposed a unicameral (one-house) legislature with equal votes of states and an executive elected by a national legislature.
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Great Compromise
Promised the creation of a bicameral legislature composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.
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Bicameral
A government structure involving two houses, or two legislative bodies, that are separate in deliberation from one another.
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Three-Fifths Compromise
It determined that three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation.
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Compromise of Importation
Allowing the transatlantic slave trade to continue for 20 years.
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**Separation of Powers**
the division of government responsibilities into distinct branches to limit any one branch from exercising the core functions of another
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**Necessary and Proper or Elastic Clause**
\- an enlargement, not a constriction, of the powers expressly granted to Congress

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**Supremacy Clause**
\- **e**stablishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.

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**Federalists**
- a supporter of federal government

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**Antifederalists**
- someone who is opposed to a system of government in which power is divided between a single central government and several regional ones

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**Federalist No.51**
**-** addresses means by which appropriate checks and balances can be created in government and also advocates a separation of powers within the national government.

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**Faction -**
an organized group of people within a larger group, which opposes some of the ideas of the larger group and fights for its own ideas

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**Federalist No.10 -**
10 shows an explicit rejection by the Founding Fathers of the principles of direct democracy and factionalism, and argue that Madison suggests that a representative republic is more effective against partisanship and factionalism.

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**Brutus No.1 -**
Brutus believed that the proposed Constitution consolidated too much power in the hands of Congress, at the expense of the states.

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**Federalism** -
a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government

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**Exclusive Powers**
- powers wielded by either the federal or state governments.

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**Implied Powers**
- political powers granted to the United States government that aren't explicitly stated in the Constitution

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**Commerce Clause**
**-** gives Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing interstate commerce

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Necessary and Proper Clause -
gives Congress power to make “all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution” other federal powers

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**Supremacy Clause** -
establishes that the federal constitution, and federal law generally, take precedence over state laws, and even state constitutions.

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**Tenth Amendment** -
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people

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**Reserved Powers** -
powers that are not specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution.

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**Concurrent Powers** -
powers that are shared by both the federal government and state governments

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**Full Faith and Credit Clause**
\- the requirement, derived from Article IV, Section I of the Constitution, that state courts respect the laws and judgments of courts from other states
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**Extradition -**
the removal of a person (typically referred to as a fugitive) from a requested jurisdiction to another jurisdiction for criminal prosecution or punishment.

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**Fourteenth Amendment**
grant citizenship to “All persons born or naturalized in the United States,” thereby granting citizenship to formerly enslaved people.

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**Selective Incorporation -**
the case-by-case approach of deciding which portions of the Bill of Rights apply to states

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**Categorical Grants** -
federal grants given to state and local governments to encourage their cooperation in implementing specific purposes and programs

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**Unfunded Mandate** -
An unfunded mandate is a statute or regulation that requires any entity to perform certain actions, with no money provided for fulfilling the requirements.

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**Block Grants**
\- grant programs that provide federal assistance for broadly defined functions, such as community development or social services.

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**Revenue Sharing** -
a top-level income split between associated parties—generated from the sale of products or services

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