Microbio

Viruses

Intercellular parasites, Acellular. Composed of nucleic acid and proteins. Able to infect everything.

fungi

molds, yeats, muchrooms. Single celled-macroscopic. Detritivores.

Prions

Infections proteins. Only has amino acids, Acellular. Beta pleated sheets

Helminths/arthopods

composed of round worms and flat worms. Macroscopic. Cause diseases in their microscopic stage.

protists

organisms comprised of algae and protozoas, eukaryotic

bacteria

single celled organisms consisting of prokaryotic cells. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Why study microbiology?

For Biological roles(gene manipulation), animal digestion, and food microbiology, pharmaceuticals, bioremediation, pathogenicity

What is the definition of microbiology?

the study of microbes

What is the definition of Etiology?

assignment and cause of origin of disease

What is the definition of epidemiology

The study of factors and mechanisms involved in spread of disease with a population.

Algae

Photosynthesize their food, defined nucleus.

Viroids

single stranded RNA molecule, no protein coat. Causes diseases in plants. Does not replicate like normal viruses.

protozoa

single celled microorganisms. One nucleus, Intracellular structures, Engulfing or ingestion of food, Can be found in water, soil,or within organisms

plagues in history

cholera, polio, small pox

Ebola:

In the DRC in Africa in may 11 of 2017.

Hooke:

coined the term “cell”

Schwann

created cell theory. 1. All living things are cells. All cells get more cells.

cell theory

\

1. All things are mad of cells
2. The cell is a structural and functional unit of living things
3. all cells come from preexisting cells by division
4. cells contain heredity information
5. \

Koch

Provided scientists with methods of establishing etology

Koch’s reasoning

1. the specfici agent must be fiund in every case if disease (casue vs coreelation)
2. the disease must be isolated in a pure culture
3. the cultred agent

bacilus

rod shaped bacteria.

prokaryotic peptidoglycan

maintains shape, prevents lysis, water passes through via osmosis.

Gram negative cell walls

outer membrane, peptidoglycan, periplamsmic space.

gram positive cell walls.

peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, lipoteichoic acid

flagella movment:

clockwise=tumbling, counterclockwise=run

Taxis

motile response to stimulus

clockwise if:

demethylated

Counter clockwise if:

methylated

pili

externakl strucutres used for attachment (fimbrae)

fimbrae allows:

attachment due to glycoproteins/glycolipids

Conjugation

transfer of genetic material between asexual species

glycocalyx

a tightly bound, dehydrated capsule resistant to phagocytosis. (forms plaque)

What is the difference between gram-positive cell walls and gram-negative cell walls?

Gram-positive has a thicker peptidoglycan layer than gram-negative. Gram-positive lack an outer layer unlike gram-negative, gram positive is more susceptible to antibiotics. Gram-positive has teichoic acid.

peptidoglycan components

sugar backbone, tetra-peptide cross linkers, pentaglycionme bridge

DAP peptidoglycan

Found in gram negative bacteria and gram positive bacili

Lys type peptidoglycan

Seen in gram positive bacteria (excluding gram positive bacilli)

what is the 1st law of thermodrynamics

Energy cannot be created or destoryed

2nd law of thermodynamics

energy is lost as heat

anabolism?

reactions that require energy

catabolism?

reactions that release energy

larger molecules——→ smaller molecues

catabolism

what are chemotherapy

glycolosis?

rduction/oxidation to get pyruvate

Apoenzyme?

protein itself

Coenzyme?

is the ion

cofactor?

induces fit

holoenzyme?

the entire thing

non compeitive inhibtion?

Allosteric inhibitor decreases effeiceny of enzyme

Fermentation?

conversion of pyruvate acid to ethal alchohol, latic acid, or others

photosynthesis/photophosphorlation

use of light energy to make energy

substrate level phosphorylation?

high energy transfer from ADP to ATP

glycolisis pathway

glucose+2ADP+2pi+2NAD=2 pyruvate, 2ATP, and 2NADH (Mo oxygen required)

pentose phosphate pathway?

Breaks down 5 carbon sugars. Found in Ecoli, baciculs

Entener-doudoroff pathway

ends in net 2atp

Fermentation?

anaorobic process that re oxidizes NADH that create alcohols or acids

Latic acid makes:

cheese

ethly alcohol and co2 makes:

wine

Alcohol fermentation:

requires yeast/E.coli with alcohol and CO2

butyric-butylic makes

Butyric acid, butnaol, isppropyl, acetone, alcohol

Proton motive force?

Protons pumped out, passes back in to phosphorylate ATP

Chemeoautotrophy

oxidizes inorganic

Generation time for prokaryotes:

20-60 minuets

Generation time for protists:

1-3 days

viruses generation time:

5-10 hours

Arthropods generation time

7-14 days

What is FtsZ?

tubulin, construction ring

What is ZipA?

similar to actin, helps pull ring together

What is FtsK?

separation of chromosomes

What is budding?

When small new cells develop from The surface of an existing cell

psychrophile (fkavobacterium) like:

cold temperatures

Mesophiles like:

moderate temperatures

thermophiles like:

warm tempoerautres

extreme thermoohiles like:

hot tempoeratures

Aeroobes:

Use oxygen in their metabolic pathways

obligate aerobes:

have to use oxygen at atmospheric concentration (20%)

Microareophiles:

use 2-10% oxygen since its inhitbitory

anarobes:

Do not use oxygen in their metabolic pathways

olbigate anaerobes:

will die if exposed to oxygen.

Facultative anaerobes:

Prefer oxygen put will use Co2

Areotolerant anaerobes:

Don’t mind oxygen. Use notrogen and sulfur

Neurotphiles:

like a ph of 5-8

Acidophiles:

Like a ph of 5.5 and lower

Alkaliphiles:

Like a ph greater than 8

Hypertonic=

outside of cell

hypotonic=

Inside of cell

Quorum sensing:

Bacterial communication that that shuts down txn or activates it via inducer or repressor molecules

biofilms:

cluster of the same species bacteria growing together.

sociomicrobiology:

how microorganisms affect our physiology in a good or bad way.

Sporeulation steps: 1

2 copies of dna inside cell

Sporeulation steps: 2

Chromosomes seperatein 2 different areas

Sporeulation steps: 3

DNA in spore has phospholipid bilayer

Sporeulation steps: 4

Double layer is formed

Sporeulation steps: 5

peptidoglycan is added which forms cortext

Sporeulation steps: 6

Keratin is added which forms spore coat (protects from chemicals)

Sporeulation steps: 7

Mother cell lysis

Sporeulation steps: 8

Spore waits for optimal environment. Can last 6 months 6 2 years.