APUSH Sem 1 Study Guide

17th century America and the increase of slaves in the last quarter

European settlers - Enslaved Africans cheaper, more plentiful than indentured servants. Tabaco

1840 presidential election as the first modern election

It was the first election in which the major political parties (the Democrats and the Whigs) conducted widespread campaigns and nominated formal tickets of candidates for the presidency and vice presidency. __Nation wide__

Absence of Slavery mentioned in the Declaration of Independence

The Founding Fathers did not acknowledge it in the published document. In fact, Jefferson's first draft of the Declaration did recognize the issue of slavery. - it was better to remove the section dealing with slavery than risk a long debate over the issue of slavery

After the Civil War freed slaves relied on northern schoolteachers

During the years after the war, black and white teachers from the North and South, missionary organizations, churches and schools worked tirelessly to give the emancipated population the opportunity to learn. Former slaves of every age took advantage of the opportunity to become literate. Grandfathers and their grandchildren sat together in classrooms seeking to obtain the tools of freedom.

American Revolution patriots’ belief in popular sovereignty

The American patriots believed that all governments exist for the benefit of the governed. Whenever a government violated the peoples' fundamental rights, **they had the right to change or overthrow it.**

American social class based on wealth more than family like in Europe in colonial society

Economic Elite, Middle Class, Working Class

American system as a means to meet America’s needs and self sufficiency

__Rely more on America itself instead of Great Britain.__ ^^Transportation:^^ Roads, Canals, Bridges - these would facilitate trade and increase accessibility to markets.

^^Revenue:^^ Keep the money local/within. Tariffs would protect American Products from imports.

^^Federal Bank:^^ Strong National Currency. Interstate trade, more stable bank.

Andrew Jackson and his opposition to the Bank of the US

He believed that a bank like this would trample on states’ rights. STATES RIGHTS. It would be an advantage to the upper class and undermine the middle and lower classes

Andrew Jackson policy of having small banks make their own currency

So that no one would have as much of an advantage. He didn’t want the BUS to have too much power.

Articles of Confederation and the settlement of land in the West as greatest success

Described the first government of the new United States. Congress would take the lands and sell them off to pay off war debts and stuff.

Beliefs of the Puritans

Name a few:

Judgmental God, Predestination, Original Sin, etc.

Burned over District as an area for many religions revivals (not barnburners)

The western and central regions of New York State, such spiritual fervor seemed to set the area on fire. BAPTISTS / METHODISTS. Religion gained influence, and further brought attention to issues such as women's rights and slavery.

Central beliefs of Deism

**Religious truth should be subject to human reason** rather than divine revelation.

Compromise of 1850 and the controversy over popular sovereignty in Mexican cession

California - free

Utah and Mexico - can decide

New Texas - New Mexico Boundary

Fugitive Slave Act - Easier/Advantage to slaveowners

Popular Sovereignty - Would it expand or diminish slavery? (contention)

Consequence of the Tariff of Abominations

The tariff sought to protect northern and western agricultural products from competition with foreign imports; however, the resulting tax on foreign goods would **raise the cost of living in the South** and would **cut into the profits of New England's industrialists.**

Context behind the Proclamation Line of 1763

prohibited Anglo-American colonists from settling on lands acquired from the French following the French and Indian War. Did not want any more whites moving west

Critical Elections of 1800 and 1824 and their similarities

Both significant because they marked **transitions between different political powers**. The **outcome of both was also not immediately clear**

Daniel Webster opposing tariffs in 1812 and its war, then switching fifteen years later (Why did he switch)

Though he had previously opposed protective tariffs as **unconstitutional** (and bad for New England’s shipping business) he changed his tune when it came to the Tariff of 1828. Known in the South as the Tariff of Abominations, the law offered significant **protection for his region’s growing textile industry.**

Difference between Jefferson and Jacksonian democracy specifically regarding the spoils system

Jacksonian’s believed in the common mans abilities to be leaders so after he won many were put in power. Jeffersonians believed that all men were not equal, you had to prove yourself.

Differences between the Whigs of the 1830s and 40s and the Jacksonian Democrats (look at American System)

==Whigs wanted to expand power of federal government== while ^^the J.D.’s wanted a limited role of the government.^^ ==Whigs wanted the American System== ^^J.D.’s supported expansion but were suspicious of rapid social and economic change^^

Embargo act of 1807 and its effects

Jefferson's Embargo Act outlawed trade between America and any foreign port, effectively **closing in the American economy.** The Embargo Act was one of the major factors leading up to the War of 1812 as it ended up **increasing the hostilities that already existed between America and Britain.**

First great awakening and division of the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches

A revival of religion in America. Old lights vs New lights.

Old lights - embraced the old-fashioned, traditional church ways

New lights - adopted the new ideas brought forth by the Great Awakening.

France assistance as the main reason for American victory in revolutionary war

the French provided supplies, arms and ammunition, uniforms, and, most importantly, troops and naval support to the beleaguered Continental Army.

Hamilton’s economic plan and establishment of credit

Hamilton’s plan called for the government to repay both federal and state debts. He wanted the government to buy up all the bonds issued by both the national and state government before 1789. He then planned to issue new bonds to pay off the old debts. **PAY OFF THE DEBT.**

How did geography affect the different economic development of the regions New England, Middle Colonies, and South

Different crops, sea ports, etc.

**New England** - Forests - lumber, bad farming - small family farms.

**Middle** - Fertile soil, flat land. Framing and growing crops. Mining and trade

**South** - fertile soil, broad costal plains - large plantations for tobacco, rice, indigo. SLAVES

How did slavery hobble the economic development of the south

**Too reliant** on slavery since it was the **engine of the south**. A **politically bad** impact, it was a huge issue that was always clashing.

Impact of the first great Awakening

Impacts:

Growth of evangelicalism and personal religious experience. It also made people think more about individual rights and freedoms.

Industrialization and the rising gap between rich and poor

This is due to income inequality. You have the factory owners who become rich and then the large majority of workers who are poor.

Jacksonian Democracy (New Democracy) based on White manhood suffrage

Focus on the **needs and desires of ordinary citizens** and the expansion of voting rights to **include white men who did not own property**. Prior to this time the vote was only for wealthy white people. All men, regardless of their economic status, should have an equal say.

James K. Polk and his commitment to national Expansion

Polk was a strong believer in manifest destiny.

James Monroe administration as Era of Good feelings

A period of national unity and prosperity. The U.S. had experienced a period of economic growth, expansion, and decrease in political tensions.

Jefferson’s desire for the Louisiana purchase(economic)

He saw it as a key economic opportunity. A way to access international markets and promote economic growth. The territory was rich in resources - trade.

John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay as strongest Warhawks

They were politicians who favored an **aggressive foreign policy** and were **advocates for military** action.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates did not make Lincoln a Senator, but did other things (what are those things)

They helped Lincoln’s political profile, laid the ground work for his future presidential campaign.

Manifest destiny and the beliefs behind it

That it was a divinely ordained mission of the United States to expand across North America.

Marbury v. Madison and the right of the Supreme court to determine the constitutionality of congressional enactments

The decision established the Court's power to declare laws unconstitutional and established the principle of ***JUDICIAL REVIEW***, which remains an important part of the American legal system to this day.

Married women and their lives in the colonial period

It varied but they were expected to bear and raise children, manage the household, and support their husbands. They had **limited legal and political rights.**

Meaning of Thom. Jefferson “We are all republicans -we are all federalists.

Everyone is an American person and that they are united. While there may be political divisions and differences of opinion, **Americans are ultimately united** in their loyalty to the country and its founding ideals.

Mercantilism and the subordination of colonial economy

The British government followed a mercantilist policy in its relations with the colonies, regulating trade and industry in order to **benefit the mother country**. This meant that the **colonies were not allowed to develop their own industries or trade freely with other countries**, and that their economies were focused on producing raw materials and agricultural products for export to Britain.

Methodists and Baptists success in the West and South

South - the Methodists attracted a large number of converts because of the slave population. Both were popular in the West with pioneers who were settling the region.

Missouri Crisis/Compromise as a contrast to rising American Nationalism

The Missouri Crisis is often seen as a contrast to the rising American nationalism of the time, as **it revealed deep divisions within the country over the issue of slavery and the expansion of the Union.** 36°30'! except for Missouri!

Motivation to draft the Bill of Rights

the motivation for drafting the Bill of Rights was to **protect the individual liberties** of American citizens and to **address concerns about the power of the federal government.**

Motivations behind settlers in the Chesapeake/Virginia colonies

Some of the factors that attracted people to the region included the availability of land, the promise of economic opportunity, and the desire to escape religious persecution or other problems in their home countries. **ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY, LAND, RELIGIOUS FREEDOM**

Motivations of early abolitionists

**Religious beliefs & humanitarian concerns.** Fairness and just an inhumane institution that needed to be eradicated.

National Road and its purpose (American System)

develop and improve transportation infrastructure, promote economic growth, and strengthen the national unity of the young country. **MOVE PEOPLE, MOVE GOODS, CONNECT THE COUNTRY.**

Original constitution and the provision of an electoral college

The original Constitution of the United States provided for the creation of an Electoral College to elect the President of the United States. Under this system, each state is allotted a number of electors equal to the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress. These electors are chosen by the state legislature, and they cast votes for the President and Vice President.

ORIGINAL reason the North said they went to war with the south

**Preserve the Union** and end the practice of slavery

Owners of the textile mills in Lowell and their motivations

Desire to make **profit**. Produce good more **efficient**ly and cheaply. Create a stable and **reliable** workforce.

President Johnson and his failed plan for reconstruction(why did if fail)

Did not address the issue of racial equality. Did not hold the South’s leader accountable. It was opposed in the majority of the northern states, they believed it was too lenient toward the South.

Purpose behind Washington’s Proclamation of 1793

Washington believed that it was in the best interests of the United States to remain neutral in the conflict, as the young nation was still in the process of establishing itself and did not want to risk becoming involved in a foreign war. **STAY OUT OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.**

Purpose of the Stamp act from the British perspective

From the British perspective, the purpose of the Stamp Act was to raise revenue from the American colonies in a way that would be relatively easy to implement and enforce.

Ralph Waldo Emmerson, Transcendentalist beliefs in inspiration, self-reliance, dissent and nonconformity

Individuality, **find God in nature**, **challenge the status quo**, all things were connected.

Reason behind the Hartford Convention

The main reason behind the Convention was the increasing frustration and dissatisfaction of New England Federalists with the national government and its policies. Particularly did not like the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812.

Roger Williams and Liberty of Conscience

Roger Williams was a theologian, author, and founder of the Colony of Rhode Island. He was a strong advocate for the idea of liberty of conscience, which is **the belief that individuals have the right to freedom of thought and belief** and should not be coerced or punished for holding beliefs that differ from those of the majority.

Salutary Neglect and the effect on the colonies

British government ignoring the colonies. Effects - allowed the colonies to develop autonomy and self-government.

The Albany plan of union for uniting the colonies

The Albany Plan of Union was a plan to create a unified government for the colonies. It was proposed by Benjamin Franklin and was an early attempt to unify the colonies under a single government.

The beliefs of the Republican party in 1860 (tariff, internal improvements, homesteading, etc.)

The party's key beliefs at that time included support for a high tariff to protect American industry, federal funding for internal improvements such as roads and railroads, and the Homestead Act, which granted land to anyone who was willing to develop it.

The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions at Seneca Falls and women’s rights

based on the United States Declaration of Independence. It outlined the rights that women believed they were entitled to as citizens of the United States and declared that **"all men and women are created equal."**

The House of Burgesses as the first step towards statewide representative government in the colonies

It allowed colonists a say in the governance of their communities and provided **a forum for colonial leaders to discuss and address issues of mutual concern.**

The Monroe doctrine and the assertion of American foreign policy independent from Europe

The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement issued by President James Monroe in 1823 that declared the **United States' opposition to any further colonization** or any other kind of European intervention in the independent nations of the Americas.

The south After reconstruction was a one-party region

Southern United States became a one-party region dominated by the **Democratic Party**. This was due in large part to the implementation of __**Jim Crow laws**__ __and other segregationist policies__ that effectively disenfranchised African Americans and stripped them of their political power. As a result, African Americans were largely excluded from the political process and were unable to effectively participate in the democratic process.

What caused the rise of the Know-Nothing party

The rise of the Know-Nothing party was fueled by a number of factors, including a wave of **immigration** to the United States in the mid-19th century, particularly from Ireland and Germany, and **growing concerns about the perceived cultural and political influence of Catholics in the country.**

What were the weaknesses of the slave plantation system

Economic inefficiency, limited technological innovation, dependence on a single crop, poor living and working conditions, societal tensions.

Who worked in the textile mills of Massachusetts in the 1830s

Men, women, children (child labor), immigrants.

Why did Andrew Jackson not annex Texas

It was very controversial and it was an independent nation known as the republic of Texas

Why were northern workers unenthusiastic about freeing slaves.

**Economic concerns** (what if they steal my job?), **Racial attitudes** (racist), **Political considerations** (saw abolition as a less important issue).

Best Warhawks?

Clay & Calhoun!

Who was a transcendentalist?

Ralph Waldo Emmerson