AP Psych - Unit 5

psychology disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

dysfunctional or maladaptive

interfere with normal day-to-day life

medical model

concept that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in hospitals

diathesis-stress model

suggests that genetic predispositions combine with environmental stressors to increase or decrease likelihood of developing psychological disorders

epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

DSM-5

a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

social anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed or judged in social situations, leading to avoidance of such

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder is in constant, low-level anxiety in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of public situations from which escape might be difficult

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

body dysmorphic disorder

a disorder characterized by the unrealistic perception of physical flaws

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety… that lingers after a traumatic experience

dissociative disorders

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings [disruption in conscious process]

fugue state

psychological memory loss combined with moving to a new environment

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

(multiple personality disorder)

a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

personality disorders

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

antisocial personality disorder

personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (high-calorie foods) followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

binge eating disorder

eating disorder characterized by significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt

claustrophobia

fear of enclosed or narrow spaces

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

agrophobia

fear of open, public spaces

acrophobia

fear of heights

hypochondriasis

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease

dissociative amnesia

dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

major depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

drugs for unipolar depression

tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase(MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-inhibitor drugs (Prozac)

seasonal affective disorder

(SAD) controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Treated using light therapy.

cognitive triad

three forms of negative thinking lead depression. A negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future.

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes (maniac depression)

(maniac depression)

delusions of persecution

the belief that people are out to get you

delusions of grandeur

belief that you enjoy greater power and influence than you do

hallucinations

False sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus

flat affect

schizophrenics and people with antisocial personality disorder show a lack of emotional responsiveness

catatonia

schizophrenics' state of immobility and unresponsiveness lasting for long periods of time

dopamine hypothesis

the theory that schizophrenia results from excessive activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine

tardive dyskinesia

A side effect of long-term use of traditional antipsychotic drugs causing the person to have uncontrollable facial tics, grimaces, and other involuntary movements of the lips, jaw, and tongue.

Parkinson's disease

disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors.

dependent personality disorder

personality disorder where one relies too much on the attention and help of others

paranoid personality disorder

a personality disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others

narcissistic personality disorder

a personality disturbance characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance

histrionic personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

marked by an excessive obsession with rules, lists, schedules, and order a need for perfectionism that interferes with efficiency and the ability to complete tasks

substance-related and addictive disorders

associated with the abuse of drugs and other substances people take to alter the way they think, feel, and behave

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

David Rosenhan

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

psychotherapy

treatment involving psychological techniques

consists of interactions between a trained therapist and client or patient

biomedical therapy

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology

eclectic approach

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy

Psychoanalysis Therapy

Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts that usually date back to early childhood experiences into consciousness

-free associations -resistances -hypnosis -many times

free association

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

dream analysis

A psychoanalytic technique in which the therapist interprets the symbolic meaning of the client's dreams.

resistance

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

interpretation

in psychoanalysis, the analyst is noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

transference

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

psychodynamic therapy

therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

insight therapies

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

humanistic therapy

therapist uses techniques such as active listening within accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

active listening

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

counterconditioning

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

(exposure therapies and aversive conditioning)

exposure therapy

behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imaginary or actual situations) to things they fear and avoid

(systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy)

systematic disensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. (hierarchies)

virtual reality exposure therapy

treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face greatest fears

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

behavior modification

reinforcing behaviors considered desirable, and failing to reinforce—or sometimes punishing—behaviors considered undesirable

token economy

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting desired behaviors and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions: if that happens, so what?

catastrophizing

dramatically exaggerating the negative consequences of any minor event

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

self-help groups

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

therapeutic alliance

a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

schizophrenia

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

• inappropriate affect -flat affect -neologisms -clang association -catatonia -waxy flexibility

(positive/negative symptoms)

psychopharmacology

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

antipsychotic drugs

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

block receptor sites for dopamine

(Thorazine or Haldol)

side effects of antipsychotic medication

sluggishness, tremors, and twitches similar to those of Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia

anti-anxiety drugs

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

depress central nervous system activity

barbiturates (Miltown), benzodiazepines (Xanax or Ativan)

anti-depressant neurotransmitters

norepinephrine or serotonin

SSRIs

Several widely used anti-depressant drugs

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

(Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil)

mood-stabilizing drugs

drugs that help to control the manic, out-of-control feelings that often come with bipolar or other disorders

(lithium, depakote)

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

a neuroscience technique that passes mild electrical current directly through a brain area by placing small electrodes on the skull.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to brain used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

no serious side effects

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

a treatment procedure for depression in which psychiatrist stimulates electrodes implanted in "sadness centers" to calm those areas

psychosurgery

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

most drastic and least-used biomedical intervention for changing behavior

prefrontal lobotomy

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients

cut nerves connecting the frontal lobes with the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain-calm (1930s)

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

posttraumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

preventative efforts

psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.

primary prevention

attempt to prevent mental health issues from ever happening, (preventing home/job- lessness)

secondary prevention

involves working with people at-risk for developing specific problems