Restoration

When was Charles I executed?

1649

When was Charles II crowned King of England?

1651

When did Oliver Cromwell begin ruling England?

1653

When did Oliver Cromwell die?

3rd September 1658

When did the Rump Parliament (small number of parliament) return to London?

7th May 1659

Who was Richard Cromwell?

Oliver Cromwell's son

When did the Long Parliament (full parliament) return to London?

24th December 1659

When did Charles II issue the Declaration of Breda?

4th April 1660

When did parliament proclaim that Charles II had been the rightful king since his father died?

8th May 1660

When did Charles II return to London from exile?

29th May 1660

What was the Declaration of Breda and what did it state?

(4 things)

The Declaration of Breda was Charles II's promises to the public

Peace for the kingdom
A promise to listen to the advice of parliament
Payment of army's wages
To tolerate people's religious beliefs

What religion was Charles II?

What did the parliament and people fear he was?

Charles was a Protestant

But others feared he was a Catholic

What are Protestants also known as?

Puritans

What was the Interregnum or the Commonwealth?

Period in England where there was no monarch, 1649-1660

Oliver Cromwell ruled the land

What religion was Oliver Cromwell?

Protestant

Did the parliament like the fact that Charles II promised to tolerate people's religious beliefs?

No, it made them unhappy

What were the three main religious beliefs during Restoration England?

Protestants (Anglicans)

Catholics

Non-conformists

Why was Charles I's killers a problem to Charles II?

There were still people in England who had put Charles I on trial and killed him

What were the two solutions of the problem that Charles II faced about Charles I's killers?

Most of the army was removed and Charles paid the wages of the rest, which made them more neutral
BUT relations with parliament remained difficult

The men involved were hung, drawn and quartered, including dead Oliver Cromwell as a warning to all

Why was the aftermath of the Civil War a problem to Charles II?

(3 things)

It had split up and divided the country into Parliament supporters vs King supporters.

Lots of people had died and home were destroyed.

Royalist land was taken away

How did Charles II solve the problem of the aftermath of the Civil War?

(2 things)

Charles became a 'public monarch'

He returned land to the Royalists

Why were religious divisions a problem for Charles II?

There were 3 religious groups in England:
- Protestants (Anglicans)
- Catholics
- Non-conformists

There was no trust between them and there was no solution

How were political problems a problem for Charles II?

(2 things)

Parliament controlled the army so they could use this against Charles if he didn't do what he wanted

Charles had spent years in exile at Louis XIV court. Louis was an absolute monarch and Charles found having to compromise on his own absolute monarchy frustrating

There was no solution

How did marriage make Charles II a merry monarch and not a merry monarch?

Merry monarch- he married Catherine of Braganza, a Portuguese princess twice (public Protestant celebration and private Catholic celebration) and Charles insisted that she was treated with respect and he never divorced her

Not a marry monarch- Catherine never gave Charles an heir and she suffered from at least three miscarriages, which had an impact on Charles

How did mistresses and illegitimate children make Charles II a merry monarch and not a merry monarch?

Merry monarch- he had at least twenty illegitimate children and he clearly had fun making them

Not a merry monarch- people backed Duke of Monmouth to be King rather than Charles and having lots of children costed him a lot of money

How did parties make Charles II a merry monarch and not a merry monarch?

Merry monarch- Charles had lots of parties with hundreds of dishes, fountains of wine and elaborate table decorations

Not a merry monarch- lots of parties would cost a lot of money

How did sports, arts and sciences make Charles II a merry monarch and not a merry monarch?

Merry monarch- Charles opened the Royal Observatory and was a major supporter of the Royal Society (science organisation) and he also enjoyed theatre, architecture and horse racing and he founded the Royal Hospital Chelsea for retired soldiers

Not a merry monarch- this would be very expensive and the money came from the government but relations were poor so he may not have been able to always do this

How did being a visible king make Charles II a merry monarch and not a merry monarch?

Merry monarch- he spent a lot of time in the public eye and wanted to maintain his images of dignified and royal yet also relaxed and informal

Not a merry monarch- get no privacy as he is constantly in the public eye

What the believed causes of the Great Plague?

(4 things)

Movement of planets

Bad air

Rotting waste/food and stagnant water

God

What was the real cause of the Great Plague?

Merchant ships frequently had rats on board
The rats who got on from China and India transferred the disease to the sailors on board, who transferred it to people working on docks

What were the five stages of the Great Plague?

1. Swellings in the armpits, groin or neck

2. Vomiting and fever

3. Severe spasms

4. Swellings burst and black liquid will ooze out of it

5. Death

What were some attempted cures of the Great Plague?

Bleeding with leeches

Sniffing a vinegar soaked sponge

Using animals to draw out poison

Re-balancing humours

Smoking to drive away bad air

Carrying amulets

Running away

Why did the plague spread so quickly in London?

The buildings were tightly packed together and were squalid and overcrowded with animals living inside them

There was no sewage system so people emptied their rubbish onto the streets

Water came from the dirty rivers and streams

How did Charles react to the Great Plague?

He and his court left the city and moved to Oxfordshire

How did the government react to the Great Plague?

Closed all public meeting places (theatres, pubs)

Quarantined ships

Asked people to only bring their dead out in the dark

Bodies were burned and victims had to isolate in their homes

Streets were swept and animals were removed

How many people died from the Great Plague in England?

How many of that number died in London?

130,000 people died in England

Between 75,000 and 100,000 died in London, which was around 25% of the city's population

Why did the parliament use the Bill of Mortality in the Great Plague?

So they could track the disease and consider when to take action

What were the positives of the Great Plague?

(4 things)

Quick recovery

Jobs were filled quickly

Only a few families lost both parents

When the fever returned in 1709 and 1712 the government acted quickly and reduced the spread

What were the negatives of the Great Plague?

(5 things)

Pubs, inns, ports and theatres were empty

Farmers kept away from town markets

Jobs disappeared depending on area

Government could not collect taxes

Society broke down as the priests ran away

Cloth production in Colchester dropped to what in 1666 because of the Great Plague?

It dropped to 2/3 what it had been

Customs taxes dropped because of the Great Plague causing a shortfall of how much money?

£40,000

When and where did the Great Fire of London start and who by?

In a small bakery owned by Thomas Farriner in Pudding Lane at 1am on 2nd September 1666

What buildings were destroyed because of the Great Fire of London?

St Paul's Cathedral

The Guildhall (the Mayor's office)

The Royal exchange

Who falsely confessed to starting the Great Fire of London and what happened to them?

Robert Hubert, a french watchmaker

He was hanged on September 28th 1666

How much money was lost in 1666 prices in buildings, goods and possessions because of the Great Fire of London?

£10 million

What was wrong with the structure of London houses that made the Great Fire of London spread quicker?

London had very narrow streets and houses were very closely packed together

They were 'jettied' which meant that the story of each house jutted out a but further and some houses jutted out 10 metres at the third story and some people could shake hands with the houses opposite them.

They were also made of wood

What was the weather conditions like on the day of the Great Fire of London?

There was a strong westerly dry wind blowing

Each fire squirt used to combat the Great Fire of London could only hold how many litres of water?

4-5 litres

How much money in cloth was burned in the Great Fire of London and why was this so bad?

Up to £25,000

Much of the cloth had been sent to London to be sold, so the impact of the fore was felt across the country

What was stored in warehouses and workshops near people's homes which worsened the spread of the Great Fire of London?

Oil
Rope
Wood and wood chips
Alcohol
Gunpowder
Flour
Leather
Paper
Spices
Chemicals

Why were the water levels so low on the day of the Great Fire of London?

London had experienced a drought

What did Charles II do in response to the Great Fire of London?

He set up a special court to deal with disputes about who should pay for the damage from the fire

What did Londoners use fire and flame for in their homes?

Cooking food

Baking bread

Heating homes

Lighting rooms

Heating water

How much money of coal was burned in the Great Fire of London?

£20,000

How much of housing had been destroyed in the Great Fire of London?

1/5 of housing, 13,200 in total

This lead to a shortage of housing

By how much did rent go up after the Great Fire of London?

Rent went up by two or three times

How many people were officially recorded as dead in the Great Fire of London?

6 people

How many churches were destroyed as a result of the Great Fire of London?

87 out of 109

What did people believed cause the Great Fire of London?

A punishment from God and a warning of further punishment to come unless people changed their ways

How many acres of land were destroyed because of the Great Fire of London?

436 acres

Who was Christopher Wren and why was he important?

He was the most celebrated architect of the Restoration

He rebuilt London after the Great Fire of London, including St Paul's Cathedral and the monument of the fire

What were the 3 main things that were put into place as a consequence of the Great Fire of London?

Firefighters were introduced

Buildings were more fireproof (made of brick not wood)

Alleys were made wider

What were the two theatre groups?

Who were their leaders?

The King's Company
- Thomas Killigrew

The Duke's Company
- Sir William Davenant

Who was Thomas Betterton and what does his story tell us about Restoration theatre?

He was a son of one of Charles II's cooks, who became a successful actor and eventually manager of the Duke's Company

This tells us that that a person's background doesn't matter- they can be in the theatre if they are good enough

Who was Nell Gwynne and what does her story tell us about Restoration theatre?

She was an actress and a mistress of Charles II

This tells us that the theatre and the actresses were held in very high regard by royalty

What was the role of women in Restoration theatre?

For the first time women could appear on stage

There was no difference between men and women and what was accepted

What were conventions of a typical Restoration comedy?

Fast paced, complicated plots, stupidity and loss of dignity

It fitted in with the public's perception of how the royal court functioned:
- Scandalous behaviour between lords and their mistresses
- Double entendre
- Sex and adultery

What happened to Restoration comedies as time went on?

Why is this important?

They became more politically focused and during the Popish Plot and the Exclusion Crisis, comedies made fun of politicians

They became as important as the politicians in shaping public opinion

Who went to the theatre and how were their experiences different?

Everyone (the rich and the poor)

The poor sat at the bottom of the theatre, squeezing into the pit whilst the rich sat at the top so they could have good views

Who was Aphra Benn and what does her story tell us about Restoration theatre?

She started out as a spy for Charles II and was one of the first women to make a living out of writing plays

She was buried in Westminster Abbey which shows her importance as kings and queens were also buried there

This tells us that she was influential as was the theatre

What was the plot of 'The Country Gentleman' and why was it important?

A country family travel to London, they meet ridiculous people, including Sir Cautious Trouble-All, a politician shown to be childish and an idiot

People thought he represented Sir William Coventry and Coventry challenged the writer, Duke Buckingham, to a duel but ends up in prison

This shows the power of the theatre

What were women seen as compared to men in Restoration England?

Intellectually and physically weaker than men

Why were wealthy brides highly prized in Restoration England?

They bought with them a large dowry

In aristocratic and poor marriages in Restoration England, which was more important: money or love?

Aristocratic marriages: money was more important

Poor marriages: love was more important

What were some of the roles of a married woman in Restoration England?

Organising servants

Overseeing what was grown in the garden

Checking the dairy to see if the cows were producing enough milk

What were many women were experts in Restoration England?

Financial matters and they looked after the accounts of their husbands

Books were printed to help women with what?

What is an example of this?

To guide women in running their homes

'The Queen's Closet Opened' have women advice on their duties including medicine, preserving and cookery

Were there any reliable methods of contraception for women?

No

How many children did lots of women give birth to?

10 or more children

What was a common thing for women to die from and what was it?

Puerperal fever which was a bacterial infection of the womb

This could happen even if a birth was successful

Men were beginning to take over from women in what field?

Helping women to give birth

When women got married in Restoration England, what did they lose?

The legal rights and any property she owned as it went to her husband

If a couple divorced, what could women lose?

The access to her children

What agreement was easier to get than a divorce?

An annulment

What businesses did women run in Restoration England?

Alehouses, cooked food and selling books

Some women ran businesses in partnership with their husbands

When did London theatres reopen?

1660

What was 'Paradise Lost'?

A very influential poem by John Milton published in 1667

Who rebuilds St Paul's Cathedral after the Great Fire of London?

Christopher Wren in 1673

When was the end of the printing license?

1679

When does Christopher Wren start work on the Royal Chelsea Hospital?

1682

Who was appointed 'Keeper of the King's Instruments' in 1683?

Henry Purcell

What were coffee houses?

Where men came together to discuss developments in science, philosophy, politics and literature over a cup of coffee

What were coffee houses also known as?

Penny universities

Who were involved in the new ideas of art and science?

Men only

When was the Royal Society founded?

1660

When does Issac Newton publish his theory of gravity?

1666

Who established the Royal Observatory at Greenwich?

Charles II

What were Royal Society experiments based upon?

What was their motto?

Clear scientific principles of experiment and proof

'Nulius in verba' - take nobody's word for it

What were the aims of the Royal Society?

To spread knowledge more widely by publishing books and articles

In what ways did developments in science get prevented?

People still had centuries old ideas so they did not like new ones

New learning in the Royal Society did not filter down to ordinary people