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M.A.K. Halliday

A linguist born in 1925, known as an authority in the scientific study of language and human communication.

Systemic-Functional Linguistics

What is M.A.K. Halliday's biggest contribution to the field of linguistics?

It states that language is created because humans have functions or roles to be fulfilled, and it follows a system that begins with meaningful actions.

What is the main principle of Systemic-Functional Linguistics?

Systemic

The aspect of Halliday's theory which posits that language is a "system of choices."

Functional

The aspect of Halliday's theory which posits that language is used for a specific purpose or role.

Linguistics

The study of the structure of language itself, including grammar and vocabulary.

Developed language (maunlad na wika)

What are the three stages of language development in a child, according to Halliday?

Proto-language Stage

The first stage of language development where gestures are used to make others understand what is being said.

Instrumental Regulatory Interactional Personal

What are the four functions of language in the proto-language stage?

Instrumental

A language function where a child expresses needs or desires that must be met (e.g., "I want").

Regulatory

A language function where the message controls the actions of others (e.g., "Do what I tell you").

Interactional

A language function that creates connections with other people to strengthen relationships (e.g., "Me and you").

Personal

A language function used by a child to introduce who they are and what they are feeling (e.g., "Here I am").

Transitional Stage

The stage that serves as a bridge where proto-language is gradually replaced by lexicogrammar (the combination of words and sentence structure).

Heuristic, Imaginative, Representational or Informative

What are the three functions of language in the transitional stage?

Heuristic

A language function where a child uses language to explore their surroundings and understand reality (e.g., "Tell me why").

Imaginative

A language function used to create a fictional world (e.g., "Let's pretend").

Representational or Informative

A language function where a child can express information and demonstrate the ability to stand by their words because they believe them to be true (e.g., "I've got something to tell you").

Developed Language Stage

The stage where a person can form long, continuous sentences, knows how to construct words and sentences properly, and can choose which words to say.

Oppression and discrimination, limited education controlled by the church, and priests using education as a form of control.

What was the state of the Philippines during the Spanish Revolution?

Centered on religion (Doctrina Christiana), lacked teachers and equipment, and involved physical punishment.

What characterized education during the revolutionary period?

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)

What were the three core democratic values from the French Revolution that influenced Filipino reformists?

Liberty (Kalayaan)

Which value reflected the Filipino desire to regain independence from colonial rule?

Equality (Pagkakapantay-pantay)

Which value challenged the strict social classes imposed during the Spanish era?

Fraternity (Kapatiran)

Which value, demonstrating "kapwa" (shared identity), fueled the fight for independence by uniting Filipinos?

Spanish was the language of government and education, while local dialects were used by priests for religious instruction.

What was the language situation during the propaganda period?

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo

What were Jose Rizal's literary works that exposed Spanish abuses and inspired nationalism?

Tagalog and Spanish

What languages did Andres Bonifacio use in his writings, such as the Decalogue of the Katipunan?

La Solidaridad

What was the newspaper of the reformist movement, edited by Lopez Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar?

Admiral George Dewey

Who was the American navy leader whose victory began the U.S. occupation of the Philippines?

It became the primary language of instruction, used in books, lessons, and communication.

What was the role of English during the American period?

Jacob Schurman

Who led the commission that studied American rule in the Philippines and advocated for education as the key to development?

Act No. 74

What law established the Bureau of Education and designated English as the official language of instruction?

Thomasites

Who were the American soldiers who came to the Philippines to teach?

The 3 R's (Reading, Writing, Arithmetic)

What educational program was implemented to make learning the new language more productive?

Vice Governor-General George Butte

Which American official argued against insisting on English as the sole language of instruction and recommended using the vernacular?

It fosters "kinship" with native culture and reduces the effects of colonization.

What was the main reason for promoting the use of vernacular languages in education?

William McKinley

Which U.S. President introduced the public school system through the policy of "Benevolent Assimilation"?

N.M. Saleeby

Who advocated for an educational system for the Muslims in Mindanao that was appropriate to their culture and religion?

Banning the English language and censoring literature to divert the Philippines from Western influence.

What were the key cultural and linguistic policies of the Japanese during their occupation?

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

What was the name of the Japanese plan to unite Asian nations and eliminate Western influence?

Military Order No. 13

What directive stipulated that Nihonggo and Tagalog should be used and taught in schools?

KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas)

What was the only Filipino political party allowed during the Japanese era, tasked with promoting Japanese ideals?

Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (SWP) or Institute of National Language

What organization was tasked by Commonwealth Act 184 to study dialects and develop a national language?

Jose Villa Panganiban

Who was the director of the SWP who made policies on the use of the national language in schools and institutions?

The use of Tagalog increased, and the national identity and pride of Filipinos grew stronger.

What was the effect of banning the English language during the Japanese period?

The Golden Age of Tagalog Literature

What is the name for the period when Tagalog literature flourished due to the ban on English?