pt 4. Forebrain and Lateralization Flashcards pt 4

Cranial Nerves Overview Twelve pairs of nerves originating from the brain; numbered I–XII using Roman numerals. Origin of Cranial Nerves First two pairs (I–II) arise from forebrain; remaining pairs (III–XII) arise from brainstem. Function of Cranial Nerves Primarily serve head and neck structures; one exception (vagus nerve) extends into thoracic and abdominal cavities. Cranial Nerve Numbering Begin anteriorly and move posteriorly along the inferior surface of the brain. Cranial Nerve Naming Names reflect location, innervation, or function. Mnemonic for Cranial Nerve Names Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal. Fun Mnemonic Phrase (Names) On Occasion Our Trusty Truck Acts Funny — Very Good Vehicle Any How. Mnemonic for Cranial Nerve Functions (Sensory/Motor/Both) Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Marry Money. CN I: Olfactory Nerve Sensory; responsible for sense of smell; passes through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. CN II: Optic Nerve Sensory; responsible for vision; exits through optic canal (optic foramen). CN III: Oculomotor Nerve Motor; controls most eye movements and pupil constriction; exits through superior orbital fissure. Oculomotor Somatic Function Controls superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique eye muscles. Oculomotor Autonomic Function Controls sphincter pupillae muscle for pupil constriction. CN IV: Trochlear Nerve Motor; controls superior oblique muscle of the eye; exits through superior orbital fissure. Trochlear Function Allows eye to move inferolaterally (downward and outward). CN V: Trigeminal Nerve Both sensory and motor; major sensory nerve of the face with three divisions (V1, V2, V3). Trigeminal Divisions V1 Ophthalmic (superior orbital fissure), V2 Maxillary (foramen rotundum), V3 Mandibular (foramen ovale). Trigeminal Function Sensory input from face, scalp, teeth, and anterior tongue; motor control of muscles of mastication. CN VI: Abducens Nerve Motor; controls lateral rectus muscle of the eye for lateral movement; exits through superior orbital fissure. Eye Movement Coordination Controlled by oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), and abducens (VI) nerves. Abducens Palsy Results in inability to move eye laterally (damage to lateral rectus muscle). Trochlear Palsy Causes weakness in downward eye movement; patient may tilt head to compensate. Oculomotor Palsy Causes drooping eyelid (ptosis), dilated pupil, and inability to move eye upward, downward, or inward. CN VII: Facial Nerve Both sensory and motor; innervates muscles of facial expression and taste from anterior two-thirds of tongue. Branches of Facial Nerve Five branches: Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Mandibular, and Cervical. Facial Nerve Function Motor control of facial muscles, secretion from salivary and lacrimal glands, and taste sensation. CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear Nerve Sensory; responsible for equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch). Vestibulocochlear Function Transmits sound and balance information from inner ear to brain. CN IX: Glossopharyngeal Nerve Both sensory and motor; innervates pharynx and posterior tongue. Glossopharyngeal Functions Controls swallowing, taste on posterior one-third of tongue, and salivary gland secretion. CN X: Vagus Nerve Both sensory and motor; only cranial nerve extending beyond head and neck into thorax and abdomen. Vagus Nerve Function Regulates heart rate, breathing, digestive activity, and contributes to swallowing and voice production. Vagus Sensory Component Provides visceral sensation and taste from epiglottis and pharynx. CN XI: Accessory Nerve Motor; controls muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and neck; assists in head and shoulder movement. Accessory Nerve Function Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles for head rotation and shoulder elevation. CN XII: Hypoglossal Nerve Motor; controls tongue movements for chewing, swallowing, and speech. Hypoglossal Function Allows food mixing, manipulation, and articulation during speech. Cranial Nerve Functional Summary Sensory: I, II, VIII. Motor: III, IV, VI, XI, XII. Both: V, VII, IX, X. Cranial Nerve Function Mnemonic I–Sensory, II–Sensory, III–Motor, IV–Motor, V–Both, VI–Motor, VII–Both, VIII–Sensory, IX–Both, X–Both, XI–Motor, XII–Motor. Cranial Nerve Testing Used clinically to identify brainstem lesions, neuropathies, or localized nerve damage. Clinical Importance of Cranial Nerves Critical for assessing neurological health and localizing brain or skull base disorders.

anatomy lecture 2 What are the three major divisions of the brain? What structures make up the brainstem? What is the largest portion of the brain? To which structure is the cerebellum attached? What does the brainstem connect? ⸻ Answers Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata Cerebrum Brainstem Brain to spinal cord ⸻ Section 2 — Lobes of the Brain How many lobes are in each cerebral hemisphere? Name the four lobes of the brain. Which lobe controls voluntary movement? Which lobe controls sensation? Which lobe controls hearing? Which lobe controls vision? Which lobe is located posterior to the parietal lobe? Which lobe lies anterior to the central sulcus? Which lobe lies posterior to the central sulcus? ⸻ Answers Four Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Parietal lobe ⸻ Section 3 — Sulci and Fissures What is a sulcus? What is a gyrus? What is a fissure? What does the central sulcus separate? What does the lateral sulcus separate? What does the longitudinal fissure separate? ⸻ Answers A groove A ridge A deep groove Frontal and parietal lobes Temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes Right and left cerebral hemispheres ⸻ Section 4 — Corpus Callosum and White Matter What is the corpus callosum? What does the corpus callosum connect? What type of tissue is the corpus callosum composed of? What type of fibres connect the right and left cerebral hemispheres? What type of fibres connect areas within the same hemisphere? What type of fibres connect the brain to the spinal cord? What structure contains projection fibres linking the cortex to the brainstem? ⸻ Answers A bundle of nerve fibres Right and left cerebral hemispheres White matter Commissural fibres Association fibres Projection fibres Internal capsule ⸻ Section 5 — Cerebellum and Brainstem What is the function of the cerebellum? Where is the cerebellum located relative to the brainstem? Which part of the brainstem controls breathing and heart rate? Name three automatic functions controlled by the brainstem. ⸻ Answers Coordination and balance Posterior to the brainstem Medulla oblongata Breathing, heart rate, reflexes ⸻ Section 6 — Meninges and CSF (Very High Yield) Name the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost

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