PACOP GREEN (Biochemistry)

blue book brothers

• Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own organic food molecules using energy from light or chemical bonds. • Overall Equation: \(6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2\) • Site of Photosynthesis: Organ: Leaf | Organelle: Chloroplast The Two Main Stages 1. Light-Dependent Reactions: • Location: Thylakoid membranes (labeled X in the diagram). • Reactant used: Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Products made: Oxygen (\(\text{O}_{2}\)), ATP, and NADPH. 2. Calvin Cycle (Light-Independent Reactions): • Location: Stroma. • Reactant used: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • Products made: Glucose (\(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6\)), ADP, and \(\text{NADP}^{+}\). Reactant & Product Tracking • Source of Carbon in Glucose: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • Source of Hydrogen in Glucose: Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Source of Released Oxygen Gas (\(\text{O}_{2}\)): Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). • Glucose Storage: Excess glucose is stored as starch. • Glucose Transport: Moved through the plant via phloem tissue. Light & Pigments • Light-Capturing Molecule: Chlorophyll. • Most Effective Light Colors: Blue and Red. • Least Effective Light Color: Green (it is reflected, which is why leaves look green). Leaf Anatomy & Gas Exchange • Cuticle: Waxy, waterproof outer layer that prevents water loss. • Stomata: Microscopic pores that control gas exchange (\(\text{CO}_{2}\) in, \(\text{O}_{2}\)/water vapor out). • Guard Cells: Cells that physically open and close the stomata. • Xylem: Vascular tissue that transports water up from roots to leaves. • Root Hairs: Hair-like extensions that increase surface area for water absorption. Effect of Open Stomata: • Photosynthesis: Increases (more \(\text{CO}_{2}\) enters). • Transpiration (Water Loss): Increases (water vapor escapes). • Plant Water Levels: Decreases. • Chlorophyll / Chloroplast Levels: Stays the same. 🔋 Part 2: Cellular Respiration Master Sheet Core Formula & Concepts • Overall Aerobic Equation: \(\text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + 6\text{O}_2 \rightarrow 6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} + \text{ATP}\) • Primary Energy Source: Glucose. • Primary Useful Product: ATP (used directly for cellular work like active transport and muscle contraction). • Waste Products: Carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_{2}\)) and Water (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}\)). The Three Aerobic Stages (In Order) 1. Glycolysis: • Location: Cytoplasm. • Details: Splits glucose into pyruvate. Does not require oxygen. 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): • Location: Mitochondrial Matrix. • Details: Breaks down pyruvate, releases \(\text{CO}_{2}\), and charges electron carriers (NADH and \(\text{FADH}_{2}\)). 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): • Location: Inner Mitochondrial Membrane (cristae). • Details: Yields the greatest amount of ATP. Uses Oxygen (\(\text{O}_{2}\)) as the final electron/hydrogen acceptor to form water. Cellular Respiration Atom Tracking • Where the Carbons from Glucose end up: \(\text{CO}_{2}\). • Where the Hydrogens/Electrons from Glucose end up: \(\text{H}_2\text{O}\). 🏃 Part 3: Anaerobic Pathways, Exercise, & Redox Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) • Definition: Breakdown of glucose to generate ATP without oxygen. • Location: Cytoplasm. • ATP Yield Comparison: Aerobic respiration yields 36–38 ATP | Anaerobic respiration yields only 2 ATP. • Main Purpose of Fermentation: Regenerates \(\text{NAD}^{+}\) so glycolysis can keep running. • Lactic Acid Fermentation: Occurs in animals. Produces lactic acid. • Alcohol Fermentation: Occurs in yeast/plants. Produces ethanol and \(\text{CO}_{2}\). Chemical Changes During Strenuous Exercise • ATP: Decreases (used up rapidly). • ADP: Increases (byproduct of breaking down ATP). • Glucose: Decreases (consumed as fuel). • \(\text{CO}_{2}\): Increases (waste product builds up). • Lactic Acid: Increases (due to a lack of oxygen causing a switch to fermentation). Redox Reactions (Electrons & Hydrogen) • Oxidation: The loss of electrons or hydrogen atoms. • Reduction: The gain of electrons or hydrogen atoms. • Memory Trick: OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain). 🔄 Part 4: Plants vs. Animals (The Big Picture) Plant Gas Concentrations in a Sealed Container • In the Light: \(\text{CO}_{2}\) decreases. (Photosynthesis runs faster than respiration, consuming \(\text{CO}_{2}\)). • In the Dark: \(\text{CO}_{2}\) increases. (Photosynthesis stops without light, but respiration continues, releasing \(\text{CO}_{2}\)). Comparing Organisms • Plants/Autotrophs: Perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • Animals/Heterotrophs: Perform only cellular respiration. • Plant Roots: Perform only cellular respiration (they have no access to light and lack chloroplasts). • Plant Leaves: Perform both photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Anatomy red and blue terms - test 3

CMO DOC BLEU ROUND 2

CMO DOC BLEU ROUND 1

PACOP RED (Pharmacognosy)

PACOP PINK (Pharmacognosy)

PACOP PINK (Biochemistry)

PACOP RED (Biochemistry)

PACOP VIOLET (Biochemistry)

PACOP VIOLET (Pharmacognosy)

PACOP GREEN (Pharmacognosy)

PACOP BLUE (PHARMACOGNOSY)

PACOP BLUE (BIOCHEMISTRY)

Out of the blue CRISPR kit study guide

PERIO DOC BLEU ROUND 1

PERIO DOC BLEU TEST 1 bis

THE BLUE PLANET

british blues-glamrock son-artists