PACOP VIOLET (Pharmacognosy)

1. Saponin glycosides are known for the following characteristics, EXCEPT A. Contains only the steroidal type of aglycone B. Hemolysis of the red blood cells C. Irritating to the mucous membrane D. They have bitter, acid taste E. They are insoluble in water

A. Contains only the steroidal type of aglycone

2. The main compound responsible for the bitterness of lupulin which is used in the manufacture of beer. A. Humulone B. Lupulone C. Xanthohumol D. Both A & B E. Both B & C

D. Both A & B

3. Kamala, a dull reddish brown powder with characteristic globular glands and unicellular curved trichomes, contains this phloroglucinol derivative with anthelmintic property. A. Berberine B. Emetine C. Quinine D. Plumbagin E. Rottlerin

E. Rottlerin

4. The type of plant which has an additional carbon fixation system characterized by synthesizing oxaloacetic acid in the presence of light thereby reducing photorespiration and water loss. A. C3 plants B. C4 plants C. CAM D. All E. None

B. C4 plants

5. Alginic acid which is used as a gastroprotectant is derived from marine plants which belong to this specific family. A. Bacillariophyceae B. Fucaceae C. Gelidiaceae D. Gracilariaceae E. Gigartinaceae

B. Fucaceae

6. A tricarboxylic acid which is commercially prepared from lemons and pineapples by fermentation of sucrose. A. Citric acid B. Lactic acid C. Malic acid D. Oxalic acid E. Tartaric acid

A. Citric acid

7. The following crude drugs have cremocarp type of fruit and belong to family Apiaceae EXCEPT A. Anise B. Buchu C. Caraway D. Fennel E. Celery

B. Buchu

8. In opium poppy, the amount of this alkaloid in the capsules is high when the latex is harvested after flowering. A. Codeine B. Morphine C. Noscapine D. Papaverine E. Thebaine

B. Morphine

9. An 8-carbon sugar which was isolated from crushed Persea americana pulp and Sedum is? A. D-glycero-D-lactooctulose B. D-glycero-L-lactooctulose C. D-glycero-D-octulose D. D-glycero-D-manno-octulose E. D-glycero-D-gluco-octulose

D. D-glycero-D-manno-octulose

10. The following cardiac glycosides have a steroidal type of aglycone EXCEPT A. Adonitoxin B. Cymarin C. Digoxin D. Hellebrin E. Strophanthoside

D. Hellebrin

11. Alkaloids often occur in plants in association with a characteristic acid; this is the specific acid with which opium alkaloids are commonly associated: A. Cinchotannic acid B. Meconic acid C. Quinic acid D. Shikimic acid E. Tartaric acid

B. Meconic acid

12. The tropic acid fragment of tropane alkaloids like hyoscine and hyoscyamine is derived from this specific amino acid. A. Alanine B. Glycine C. Phenylalanine D. Proline E. Tyrosine

C. Phenylalanine

13. This is the basic unit moiety of cocaine alkaloids: A. Cinnamylcocaine B. Ecgonine C. Truxillic acid D. All E. None

B. Ecgonine

14. The following alkaloids are classified under heterocyclic alkaloids EXCEPT A. Arecoline B. Cocaine C. Colchicine D. Lobeline E. Quinine

C. Colchicine

15. The following active principles isolated from plants exhibit haemolytic property EXCEPT A. Arbutin B. Glycyrrhizin C. Senegin D. Alpha-solanin E. Tomatin

A. Arbutin

16. Saponin glycoside with pentacyclic triterpenoidal aglycone is commonly isolated in dicotyledonous plants. What type of saponin will have this type of aglycone? A. Acid saponin B. Basic saponin C. Neutral saponin D. All E. None

A. Acid saponin

17. A purified mixture of saccharides which contains not less than 93% dextrose and is prepared by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch is called? A. Dextrose B. Dextran C. Dextrates D. Liquid glucose E. None

C. Dextrates

18. Compound benzoin tincture is commonly used as topical protectant and is composed of the following substances EXCEPT A. Aloe B. Benzoin C. Peru balsam D. Storax E. Tolu balsam

C. Peru balsam

19. This specific compound is removed by distillation under reduced pressure from volatile oils like lemon and orange to avoid deterioration and development of terebinthinate odor. A. Acetate B. Bromide C. Chloride D. Oxide E. Terpene

E. Terpene

20. A C-10 compound which serves as precursor of terpenes and is formed by condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. A. Farnesyl pyrophosphate B. Geranyl pyrophosphate C. Neryl pyrophosphate D. Methyl pyrophosphate E. None

B. Geranyl pyrophosphate

21. The main source of Manila copal, a resin which is commonly used for varnish. A. Agathis alba B. Agathis australis C. Garcinia hanburii D. Pinus palustris E. Pistacia lentiscus

A. Agathis alba

22. The following active principles are used as diuretics by promoting dilation of the renal medullary blood vessel EXCEPT A. Bearberry B. Coffee C. Horsetail D. Hydrastis E. Tea

D. Hydrastis

23. Salicin which is regarded as the natural forerunner of aspirin and was isolated from willow bark is classified as what glycoside? A. Alcohol B. Lactone C. Phenolic D. A and B E. A and C

E. A and C

24. The largest group among the naturally occurring phenolic compounds: A. Anthocyanins B. Anthraquinone C. Coumarin D. Flavonoids E. Tannins

D. Flavonoids

25. Pectin, a polysaccharide which occurs in the middle lamellae of cell walls and is abundant in the inner portion of rind of citrus fruits, is composed of repeating units of: A. D-galacturonic acid B. D-guluronic acid C. D-mannuronic acid D. D-glucosamine E. D-glucuronic acid

A. D-galacturonic acid

26. The following statements are true about saponin glycosides EXCEPT A. Saponins have high molecular weight and a high polarity and are difficult to isolate. B. Aqueous solution of saponin produces froth. C. Saponins cause hemolysis of the RBC when injected intravenously and are toxic when taken orally. D. The steroidal saponins are more widely distributed in nature than the pentacyclic triterpenoidal type. E. None

D. The steroidal saponins are more widely distributed in nature than the pentacyclic triterpenoidal type.

27. The specific saponin glycoside derived from yam which serves as precursor for the manufacture of corticosteroids, oral contraceptives and sex hormones. A. Hecogenin B. Smilagenin C. Diosgenin D. Sarsapogenin E. Parillin

C. Diosgenin

28. What type of ginseng is produced after the root is exposed to steam followed by artificial drying and sun drying? A. Yellow ginseng B. White ginseng C. Red ginseng D. Orange ginseng E. None

C. Red ginseng

29. The dried unpeeled or peeled root and stolons of licorice is classified under what type of glycoside? A. Alcohol B. Saponin C. Sweet D. A and B E. B and C

E. B and C

30. Which of the following compounds is NOT a cyanogenic glycoside? A. Linamarin B. Amygdalin C. Mannihotoxin D. Arbutin E. Phaseolunatin

D. Arbutin

31. Which of the following anthraquinone derivatives is an isomer of anthrone? A. Oxanthrone B. Anthranol C. Dianthrone D. Aloin E. Anthracene

B. Anthranol

32. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT about anthraquinone glycosides? A. The dihydroxy and trihydroxyphenolic derivatives of anthraquinone have purgative property. B. Anthraquinone derivatives are usually orange red compounds. C. The laxative action of the anthraquinone is restricted to the small intestine. D. They are soluble in hot water or dilute alcohol. E. None

C. The laxative action of the anthraquinone is restricted to the small intestine.

33. Aloe vera gel is usually used for the treatment of the following EXCEPT A. Burns B. Abrasions and skin irritation C. Inflammation D. Diarrhea E. Alopecia

D. Diarrhea

34. The specific reaction which involves the anaerobic conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid: A. Acetate mevalonate pathway B. Embden-Meyerhof pathway C. Shikimic acid pathway D. Tricarboxylic acid pathway E. None

B. Embden-Meyerhof pathway

35. This substance contains lactose and inorganic salts and is considered a by-product of cheese production: A. Buttermilk B. Butter C. Condensed milk D. Whey E. Yogurt

D. Whey

36. This is the specific gum combined with frangula in the preparation of Movicol®: A. Acacia B. Karaya C. Ghatti D. Tragacanth E. Sodium alginate

B. Karaya

37. The following statements about anthraquinone glycosides are true, EXCEPT A. Their aglycones are related to the anthracene structure B. They are usually used as cathartic agents C. The aglycone portion exhibits greater activity in the absence of the glycone D. Upon hydrolysis, the aglycone portion consists of a di-, tri-, or tetrahydroxyanthraquinone or modifications of these compounds E. None

C. The aglycone portion exhibits greater activity in the absence of the glycone

38. The specific enzyme which acts on the non-reducing ends of polysaccharides and produces pure maltose as product when the substrate is amylose. A. Alpha-amylase B. Beta-amylase C. Dextrinase D. Glucosidase E. None

B. Beta-amylase

39. The % concentration of hetastarch solution which is used as a plasma expander. A. 4% B. 6% C. 8% D. 10% E. None

B. 6%

40. The polysaccharide which is used in culture media as a fermentative identifying agent for certain bacteria and for evaluation of renal functions. A. Agar B. Cellulose C. Dextran D. Inulin E. Starch

D. Inulin

41. This specific enzyme found in Leuconostoc mesenteroides is used to convert sucrose to dextran. A. Dextran amylase B. Dextrinase C. Dextran glucosidase D. Dextransucrase E. None

D. Dextransucrase

42. One of the chief constituents of tragacanth which is more water soluble and is known as demethylated bassorin: A. Arabic acid B. Bassorin C. Mannuronic acid D. Sulfate ester content E. Tragacanthin

E. Tragacanthin

43. One of the primary constituents of Benne oil which is contained in the unsaponifiable fraction of oil and is an effective synergist for pyrethrum insecticides. A. Pyrethrin B. Sesamol C. Sesamolin D. Stigmasterol E. Triricinolein

C. Sesamolin

44. The reaction involved in the conversion of liquid oils to semisolid fats which are used as cooking fats and shortening. A. Dehydrogenation B. Hydrogenation C. Oxidation D. Esterification E. Saponification

B. Hydrogenation

45. The following is NOT a flavonoid glycoside? A. Hyperoside B. Quercetin C. Rutin D. Salicin E. Vitexin

D. Salicin

46. The product formed by the action of nitric acid and alcohol on turpentine oil after distillation with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. A. Rectified Turpentine oil B. Terpin hydrate C. Terpinol D. A and B E. B and C

B. Terpin hydrate

47. The prostaglandin which is used for palliative therapy of neonates with patent ductus arteriosus and congenital heart defects due to its vasodilating property. A. Alprostadil B. Carboprost C. Dinoprost D. Dinoprostone E. None

A. Alprostadil

48. A substance obtained from Glycine soja which is used to control damage of lipid and cholesterol metabolism: A. Lecithin B. Soybean oil C. Soybean cake D. Soybean meal E. None

A. Lecithin

49. What is the flour sifted from decorticated, ground seed of Glycine soja and is used for the detection of urea nitrogen in blood serum? A. Lecithin B. Soybean oil C. Soybean cake D. Soybean meal E. None

D. Soybean meal

50. What are these polyunsaturated octadecenoic acids which are essential for human nutrition and are referred to as Vitamin F? A. Oleic acid B. Linoleic acid C. Linolenic acid D. A and B E. B and C

E. B and C

51. Glyceryl triacetate exhibits antifungal activity through the gradual release of this particular acid on skin in non-irritating concentration: A. Acetic acid B. Formic acid C. Salicylic acid D. Undecylenic acid E. None of these

A. Acetic acid

52. Which of the following is NOT a plant wax? A. Bayberry wax B. Carnauba wax C. Jojoba oil D. Lac wax E. None of these

D. Lac wax

53. Which of the following statements are true about volatile oils EXCEPT A. They have high refractive index and mostly are optically active B. They are usually colorless but on long standing they may oxidize and become rancid C. They occur in specialized secretory structures D. The chemical constituents of volatile oils are derived from either terpene or aromatic compounds E. None

B. They are usually colorless but on long standing they may oxidize and become rancid

54. What type of distillation is employed if fresh plant drugs are used and maceration of the plant is unnecessary? A. Water distillation B. Water and steam distillation C. Direct steam distillation D. Destructive distillation E. None

C. Direct steam distillation

55. Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are the principal phenylpropanoid compounds found in volatile oils which are derived from which of the following aromatic amino acids? A. Phenylalanine B. Tyrosine C. Proline D. A and B E. B and C

D. A and B

56. Which among the following is an acyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon? A. Cymene B. Limonene C. Myrcene D. Pinene E. Sabinene

C. Myrcene

57. Which of the following is NOT true about menthol? A. Natural menthol can rotate the polarized light to the left B. It is prepared from Japanese peppermint oil by refrigeration C. It is used as topical antipruritic agent D. It has stimulant effect on the heart E. None

D. It has stimulant effect on the heart

58. Which of the following principles is NOT derived from Eucalyptus? A. Cineole B. Cajuputol C. Eucalyptol D. Eugenol E. None

D. Eugenol

59. Methyl salicylate can be isolated from the following oils EXCEPT A. Betula oil B. Clove oil C. Gaultheria oil D. Sweet birch oil E. Wintergreen oil

B. Clove oil

60. Which of the following is NOT a source of an oleoresin? A. Capsicum B. Copaifera C. Ginger D. Pine E. Podophyllum

E. Podophyllum

61. The most accurate way of identifying crude drugs: A. Organoleptic evaluation B. Microscopic C. Chemical methods D. DNA barcoding E. All

D. DNA barcoding

62. A science dealing with the study of classification, identification, cultivation and protection of crude drugs and production of effective elements at molecular level: A. Botany B. Molecular Pharmacognosy C. Pharmacognosy D. Systemic Botany E. Taxonomy

B. Molecular Pharmacognosy

63. The study objects of Molecular Pharmacognosy are limited to: A. Animal sources B. Herbal drugs C. Mineral drugs D. A and B E. All

E. All

64. Genetically modified organisms are used as _____ to produce exogenous gene encoding goods and are referred to as "new generation pharmaceutical factories". A. Bioreactors B. Catalysts C. Reactants D. Substrates E. None

A. Bioreactors

65. The study of the correlations among genetic relationships, chemical components and efficacies of medicinal plants. A. Plant taxonomy B. Phylogenetics C. Pharmaphylogeny D. Phytochemistry E. Pharmacognosy

C. Pharmaphylogeny

66. An extremely complicated process from genes to biological phenotypes which serves as the core of study of secondary metabolites. A. Aerobic respiration B. Biosynthetic pathway C. Glycolysis D. Photosynthesis E. None

B. Biosynthetic pathway

67. In 1815, C.A. Seydler, a German who was referred to as the Father of Pharmacognosy, used the word "Pharmakognosie" in his book titled: A. De Materia Medica B. The Historia C. Analectica Pharmacognostica D. Lehrbuch der Materia Medica E. None

C. Analectica Pharmacognostica

68. Adulteration of crude drugs is due to the following, EXCEPT A. Erroneous adulteration caused by sharing of similar features or absence of distinguishable characters B. Intentional substitution of high value material by inexpensive substances C. Misuse caused by sharing of similar common names D. Identification of crude drugs through morphological histological features, chemical methods and DNA sequencing E. Historical use of local substitutes

D. Identification of crude drugs through morphological histological features, chemical methods and DNA sequencing

69. Chemical composition of crude drugs varies with a number of factors like: A. Growing stage B. Harvest time C. Locality D. Storage condition E. All

E. All

70. T-DNA is transferred into a plant tissue to induce hairy roots or crown gall formation which is mediated by this specific bacterium: A. Agrobacterium B. Bacillus C. Clostridium D. Staphylococcus E. Streptococcus

A. Agrobacterium

71. A natural vector for gene transfer in A. rhizogenes which is used in transgenic organ transformation system by specifically inducing hairy root production: A. Ri plasmid B. T-DNA C. Ti-plasmid D. Vir region E. None

A. Ri plasmid

72. The main biosynthetic pathway which produces secondary metabolites like alkaloids: A. Acetate malonate B. Cinnamic acid C. Mevalonate D. Amino acid E. None

D. Amino acid

73. The pathway responsible for biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids in plants: A. Shikimic acid pathway B. Acetate malonate pathway C. Mevalonate pathway D. Polyketide pathway E. None

A. Shikimic acid pathway

74. The acetate malonate pathway is responsible for the synthesis of the following compounds EXCEPT A. Anthraquinone B. Alkaloids C. Fatty acids D. Phenolic compounds E. None

B. Alkaloids

75. Terpenoids are generally produced through this specific pathway: A. Acetate malonate B. Cinnamic acid C. Mevalonate D. Amino acid E. All

C. Mevalonate

76. The most important intermediate product in the biosynthetic pathway of terpenoids: A. Geranyl pyrophosphate B. Farnesyl pyrophosphate C. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate D. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate E. None

C. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

77. The following compounds are produced through the cinnamic acid pathway EXCEPT A. Coumarins B. Lignins C. Flavonoids D. Phenylpropanoids E. Terpenoids

E. Terpenoids

78. The following herbal drugs obtained from plants characterized by alternate leaves, cymose flowers and capsule or berry type of fruits are classified under family Solanaceae, EXCEPT A. Belladonna B. Datura C. Hyoscyamus D. Poppy E. Stramonium

D. Poppy

79. The cannabinol content of Cannabis sativa is high at this stage of development: A. In old, matured plants B. During shoot production C. Young plant D. A and B E. B and C

A. In old, matured plants

80. When the opium poppy is harvested before flowering, the latex will contain more of this constituent: A. Codeine B. Morphine C. Narcotine D. Heroin E. All

A. Codeine

81. The cyclic form of levulose when it is present in oligosaccharides or polysaccharides: A. Fructofuranose B. Fructopyranose C. Glucofuranose D. Glucopyranose E. None

A. Fructofuranose

82. The 8-carbon sugar which was isolated from crushed avocado pulp and from rock garden plant, Sedum is known as: A. D-gluco-octulose B. D-glycero-D-manno-octulose C. D-glycero-D-levulose D. All E. None

B. D-glycero-D-manno-octulose

83. A nonreducing sugar commonly found in fungi: A. Lactose B. Galactose C. Sucrose D. Trehalose E. None

D. Trehalose

84. The following seed gums are known as bulk-forming laxatives EXCEPT A. Guar gum B. Locust bean gum C. Plantago D. All E. None

B. Locust bean gum

85. Xanthan gum, a microbial gum prepared by the action of Xanthomonas campestris, is known for its property which enables its use in toothpaste and ointment production: A. Dilatant B. Plastic C. Pseudoplastic D. Shear thickening E. None

C. Pseudoplastic

86. In photosynthesis, what type of reaction is responsible for fixing or reducing carbon dioxide into sugar? A. Dark reactions B. Light reactions C. Both D. None

A. Dark reactions

87. The following sugar alcohols are products of reductive metabolism of sugars EXCEPT A. Dulcitol B. Glucitol C. Mannitol D. Propanol E. Sorbitol

D. Propanol

88. The primary sugar which is obtained by hydrolysis of inulin: A. Fructose B. Galactose C. Glucose D. Mannose E. Sucrose

A. Fructose

89. In cheese production, the liquid by-product which is formed after the addition of rennin and separation from the coagulum: A. Butter B. Buttermilk C. Cheese D. Malted milk E. Whey

E. Whey

90. Lactulose is converted to the following acids after the action of intestinal bacteria: A. Acetic acid B. Gluconic acid C. Lactic acid D. A and B E. A and C

E. A and C

91. The following are correct about nonhydrolyzable tannins EXCEPT A. Derived from condensation of 2 or more flavan 3-ols like catechin B. Derived from condensation of 2 or more flavan 3,4-diols like leucocyanidin C. When treated with hydrolytic agents they form phlobaphenes D. They readily hydrolyze to yield phenolic acids and sugar E. Form green colored solution with FeCl3

D. They readily hydrolyze to yield phenolic acids and sugar

92. Pharmacologic activities of lactone glycosides include the following EXCEPT A. Anticoagulation B. Antispasmodic C. Aphrodisiac D. Cardiotonic E. Repigmentation

D. Cardiotonic

93. The principal products of hydrolysis of salicin: A. D-glucose and salicyl alcohol B. D-glucose and saligenin C. D-glucose and salicylic acid D. A and B E. B and C

D. A and B

94. The following substances are homopolysaccharides EXCEPT A. Glycogen B. Inulin C. Cellulose D. Gum E. Starch

D. Gum

95. The specific acid produced after the hydrolysis of triricinolein by lipases which exerts cathartic effect: A. Linoleic acid B. Oleic acid C. Palmitic acid D. Ricinoleic acid E. Undecylenic acid

D. Ricinoleic acid

96. A fixed oil from the seed of Carthamus tinctorius which is used as antilipemic agent in conjunction with adequate dietary adjustment: A. Almond oil B. Persic oil C. Safflower oil D. Sesame oil E. Sunflower oil

C. Safflower oil

97. The only liquid plant wax expressed from seeds of Simmondsia chinensis: A. Carnauba wax B. Beeswax C. Jojoba D. Spermaceti E. None

C. Jojoba

98. The volatile oil of this crude drug is obtained by expression: A. Cinnamon B. Clove C. Peppermint D. Orange E. Spearmint

D. Orange

99. The dehydration and decarboxylation product of prephenic acid which leads to the formation of phenylalanine: A. p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid B. o-Methylphenylpyruvic acid C. Phenylpyruvic acid D. Pyruvic acid E. Pyruvate

C. Phenylpyruvic acid

100. The following crude drugs are classified under cardiac glycosides EXCEPT A. Adonis B. Convallaria C. Dogbane D. Green hellebore E. Squill

D. Green hellebore