PACOP RED (Pharmacognosy)

1. He was a Greek pharmacist-physician who described the method of preparing formulas containing plant and animal drugs. A. Galen B. Fluckiger C. C.A. Seydler D. Dioscorides E. Aristotle

A. Galen

2. Crude drugs are vegetable or animal drugs that consist of natural substances that have undergone only the processes of A. Collection and drying B. Harvesting and garbling C. Drying and harvesting D. Curing and packaging E. Packaging, storage and preservation

A. Collection and drying

3. Crude drugs are used infrequently as therapeutic agents; more often, their chief principles are separated by various means and are employed in a more specific manner these principles are known as what? A. Extractives B. Derivatives C. Excipients D. both A and B E. both B and C

A. Extractives

4. With some natural products, such as vanilla, processes of fermentation or sweating are necessary to bring about changes in the constituents such drugs required special processes, usually called A. Curing B. Garbling C. Collection D. Harvesting E. Preservation

A. Curing

5. This refers to the intrinsic value of the drug-that is, the amount of the medicinal principles or active constituents present. A. Purity B. Quality C. Quantity D. both A and B E. both B and C

B. Quality

6. Methods of drug evaluation include the following, except: A. Biologic B. Chemical C. Quantity D. Organoleptic E. Pharmacologic

C. Quantity

7. A method of classifying drugs considering the natural relationship or phylogeny among plants and among animals. A. Chemical classification B. Morphologic classification C. Taxonomic classification D. Therapeutic classification E. Pharmacologic classification

C. Taxonomic classification

8. Pharmacologically active constituents are responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug. They may be either single chemical substances or mixtures of principles. Which of the following are exemplified by mixtures of chemical substances? A. Steroids B. Glycosides C. Plant acids D. Volatile oil E. Tannins

D. Volatile oil

9. Which of the following influence the secondary constituents of drug plants? A. Environmental factors B. Genetic composition C. Stage of development D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

10. Silymarin a plant constituent which is widely used in the treatment of liver ailments, is obtained from A. Silybum marianum B. Melissa officinalis C. Salvia officinalis D. Valeriana mexicana E. Ginkgo biloba

A. Silybum marianum

11. Which of the following is not a polysaccharide? A. Cellulose B. Cellobiose C. Inulin D. Starch E. none of the above

B. Cellobiose

12. All the following disaccharides yield 2 glucose units upon hydrolysis, except: A. Cellobiose B. Trehalose C. Sophorose D. Sucrose E. Maltose

D. Sucrose

13. Which of the following is a trisaccharide? A. Stachyose B. Primeverose C. Trehalose D. Cellobiose E. Raffinose

E. Raffinose

14. Saccharides containing two to ten sugar units. A. Monosaccharides B. Disaccharides C. Tetrasaccharides D. Oligosaccharides E. Polysaccharides

D. Oligosaccharides

15. Which of the following is the least source of sucrose? A. Beta vulgaris B. Prunus serotina C. Saccharum officinarum D. Acer saccharum E. None of the above

B. Prunus serotina

16. What is the purpose of lime in producing sugar? A. To coagulate albumins B. To neutralize plant acids C. To convert sucrose to invert sugar D. Both A and B are correct E. Both C and D are correct

D. Both A and B are correct

17. In making sugar, the juice of sugar cane (after being boiled with lime) is filtered, sometimes decolorized, concentrated and crystallized. What is the compound used to decolorize filtered juice of sugar cane? A. Sulphur dioxide B. Silicon dioxide C. Silver oxide D. Magnesium oxide E. Sulfur pentoxide

A. Sulphur dioxide

18. This is a crystalline dextrose monohydrate that has undergone less rigorous purification; it is intended for use as an agent of pharmaceutic necessity. A. Liquid glucose B. Dextrose excipient C. Calcium gluconate D. Ferrous gluconate E. beta-D(-)-Fructofuranose

B. Dextrose excipient

19. These are sugar derivatives formed by heating a sugar solution with phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, sodium acetate and acetic acid. A. Furanose B. Osazones C. Glucosazone D. All of the above E. None of the above

B. Osazones

20. This is the main constituent of most starches comprising over 80%. The molecules have branched chains each consisting of 20-26 alpha-1,4 linked glucose residues. A. Amylopectin B. alpha-amylose C. beta-amylose D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

A. Amylopectin

21. What is the principal constituent of the cell walls of brown algae? A. Gum B. Chitin C. mucilages D. Alginic acid E. Gluconic acid

D. Alginic acid

22. Which of the following is not a source of starch? A. Maize (Zea mays) B. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) C. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) D. Tapioca (Manihot utilissima) E. None of the given choices

E. None of the given choices

23. D-glucitol is a hexitol that was originally obtained from the ripe berries of the mountain ash, Sorbus aucuparia. D-glucitol is otherwise known as what? A. Mannitol B. Sorbitol C. Amylose D. Amylopectin E. Fructose

B. Sorbitol

24. Which of the following describes sorbitol? A. It is an osmotic diuretic B. It has humectant activity C. It is a useful ingredient in toothpaste and chewing gum D. All of the given choices are correct E. Both B and C only

D. All of the given choices are correct

25. This is a fibrous form of bleached, regenerated cellulose and is used as a surgical aid. A. Microcrystalline cellulose B. Powdered cellulose C. Purified rayon D. Soluble guncotton E. Carboxymethylcellulose

C. Purified rayon

26. A product obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids on cotton. It is a mixture of cellulose nitrates. A. Pyroxylin B. Insoluble guncotton C. Soluble guncotton D. A and C only E. A and B only

D. A and C only

27. Which of the following gums or hydrocolloids is obtained from plant extracts? A. Pectins B. Acacia gum C. Carrageenan D. Oxidized cellulose E. Carboxymethylcellulose

A. Pectins

28. Dextran and Xanthan belong to the group of? A. Tree exudates B. Marine gums C. Cellulose derivatives D. Microbial gums E. Seed gums

D. Microbial gums

29. Which of the following is not a seed gum? A. St. John's bread B. Carob pulp C. Japanese Isinglass D. Guar gum E. Plantago seed

C. Japanese Isinglass

30. A hydrocolloid containing powdered endosperm of the seed of Ceratonia siliqua that is used as thickener and stabilizer. A. Xanthan gum B. Locust bean C. Pectin D. Plantago seed E. Dextran

B. Locust bean

31. Which of the following is the least source of plant hormones? A. Auxins B. Gibberellins C. Cytokinins D. Abscisic acid E. Acetylene

E. Acetylene

32. Auxins: A. Cell elongation B. In low concentration, act as weed-killers C. In high concentration, they accelerate the rooting of woody and herbaceous cuttings D. Both A and B are correct E. Both B and C are correct

A. Cell elongation

33. Cell division hormones A. Auxins B. Gibberellins C. Cytokinins D. Abscisic acid E. Acetylene

C. Cytokinins

34. Fruit ripening A. Gibberellins B. Cytokinins C. Ethylene D. Abscisic acid E. Polyamines

C. Ethylene

35. The name "manna" is applied to a number of different plant products, and the only manna of commerce is ash manna. Ash manna is derived from. A. Fraxinus ornus B. Styrax benzoin C. Tamarindus indica D. Citrus limon E. Peperomia

A. Fraxinus ornus

36. In the synthesis of prunasin, what is the starting amino acid precursor? A. Tyrosine B. Phenylalanine C. Valine D. Threonine E. Aspartame

B. Phenylalanine

37. All of the following sources of glycosides are related to anthracene ring, except A. Aloe B. Senna C. Rhubarb D. Glycyrrhiza E. Cascara sagrada

D. Glycyrrhiza

38. What is the scientific name of cascara sagrada? A. Rhamnus purshianus B. Rhamnus purshiana C. Aloe barbadensis D. Senna angustifolia E. Glycyrrhiza glabra

B. Rhamnus purshiana

39. Lane's Pills® is A. Aloe B. Buckthorn C. Casanthranol D. Chrysarobin E. Glycyrrhiza

C. Casanthranol

40. This aloe derivative is known in commerce as Curacao aloe A. Aloe africana B. Aloe ferox C. Aloe barbadensis D. Both A and B E. Both C and D

C. Aloe barbadensis

41. All of the following are uses of aloe vera gel, except: A. Management of x-ray burns B. Treatment of burns C. Treatment of skin abrasions D. Management of skin irritations E. Removal of excessive tissue

E. Removal of excessive tissue

42. Cassia acutifolia is known in commerce as A. Tinnevelly senna B. Alexandria senna C. Arabian peninsula D. Gum Arabic E. Chinese rhubarb

B. Alexandria senna

43. What is the usual dose of senna to exert its cathartic activity? A. 2 g B. 5 g C. 500 mg D. 1000 mg E. 2000 mcg

A. 2 g

44. Chrysarobin is a mixture of neutral principles obtained from Goa powder in lysigenous cavities in the wood of: A. Vitex negundo B. Andira araroba C. Senna acutifolia D. Glycyrrhiza glabra E. Rheum officinale

B. Andira araroba

45. Danthron is otherwise known as: A. Gum thus B. Chrysazin C. Chrysarobin D. Aloe vera E. Glycyrrhizin

B. Chrysazin

46. Which of the following is a source of saponin glycoside? A. Aloe B. Danthron C. Chrysarobin D. Wild cherry E. Vanilla bean

E. Vanilla bean

47. Which of the following is correct regarding licorice? A. Good source of flavonoids B. Does not exert demulcent activity C. Masks the taste of bitter drugs such as quinine D. When added to beer, it decreases foaminess E. When added to root beers, it imparts a sweet taste

C. Masks the taste of bitter drugs such as quinine

48. Black mustard is classified under: A. Phenol glycoside B. Flavonol glycoside C. Cyanophore glycoside D. Isothiocyanate glycoside E. Aldehyde glycoside

D. Isothiocyanate glycoside

49. Acrinyl isothiocyanate is a pungent-tasting but almost odourless oil that is obtained upon hydrolysis of what glucoside? A. Sinalbin B. Sinigrin C. Emulsin D. Myrosin E. Salicin

A. Sinalbin

50. Rutin and hesperidin have been called: A. Vitamin P B. Vitamin H C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin C E. Vitamin B complex

A. Vitamin P

51. Which of the following is a good source of alcohol glycosides? A. Salix purpurea B. Vanilla planifolia C. Sinapis alba D. Sinapis nigra E. Dipteryx odorata

A. Salix purpurea

52. Which of the following is incorrect regarding vanillin? A. Flavorant B. Pharmaceutic aid C. Aldehyde glycoside D. Dental analgesic E. Obtained from Vanilla planifolia

D. Dental analgesic

53. Which of the following is an anticoagulant? A. Vanillin B. Cantharidin C. Arbutin D. Dicumarol E. Psoralens

D. Dicumarol

54. Cantharidin is obtained from: A. Cantharides B. Spanish flies C. Russian flies D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

55. Cantharides is: A. An aphrodisiac B. An irritant C. Intended to manage priapism D. All of the above E. Both A and B only

E. Both A and B only

56. After blistering flies are killed, they are carefully dried at a temperature not higher than 40°C. The drug should be stored in tight containers, and a few drops of _____ should be added occasionally to preserve the drug from attack by other insects. A. Ether B. Hexane C. Methanol D. Chloroform E. Benzoic acid solution

D. Chloroform

57. Uva-ursi is a good source of: A. Aldehyde glycoside B. Phenol glycoside C. Flavonol glycoside D. Lactone glycoside E. Isothiocyanate glycoside

B. Phenol glycoside

58. Which of the following is/are true about tannins? A. Tannins have the ability to precipitate proteins B. Tannins are good antidotes for alkaloidal poisoning C. Prolonged use of certain tannin-rich plants may be beneficial especially for cancer patients D. Both A and B are correct E. Both B and C are correct

D. Both A and B are correct

59. Which of the following is a good source of tannic acid? A. Nutgall B. Hamamelis leaves C. Palm coconut oil D. Spanish flies E. Blister flies

A. Nutgall

60. In fixed oils, if the expression is carried out in the cold, the oil is known as what? A. Virgin oil B. Hot-pressed oil C. Cold-pressed oil D. Both A and B are correct E. Both A and C are correct

E. Both A and C are correct

61. Fixed oils are sometimes classified into drying oils, semidrying oils and non-drying oils based on their ability to absorb: A. Argon B. Hydrogen C. Nitrogen D. Oxygen E. Krypton

D. Oxygen

62. Sodium morrhuate, which is used as a sclerosing agent to obliterate varicose veins, is obtained from: A. Fish oil B. Cod liver oil C. Spermaceti oil D. Coconut oil E. Theobroma oil

B. Cod liver oil

63. The following are uses of olive oil, except: A. Emollient B. Demulcent C. Laxative D. All of the above E. None of the above

E. None of the above

64. This oil is classed as a pharmaceutic aid. It is used as a setting retardant for dental cements and in the preparation of soaps, plasters and liniments A. Olive oil B. Peanut oil C. Linseed oil D. Coconut oil E. Theobroma oil

C. Linseed oil

65. Peanut oil is obtained from: A. Glycine soja B. Gossypium hirsutum C. Prunus amygdalus D. Arachis hypogaea E. Sesamum indicum

D. Arachis hypogaea

66. Safflower seed oil is obtained from: A. Gossypium hirsutum B. Carthamus tinctorius C. Glycine soja D. Arachis hypogaea E. Sesamum indicum

B. Carthamus tinctorius

67. Percentage of water in hydrous woolfat: A. 20-25% B. 25-30% C. 30-35% D. 30-40% E. 20-40%

B. 25-30%

68. A mixture of aliphatic alcohols, triterpenoid alcohols and sterols obtained by the hydrolysis of lanolin A. Lanolin mixture B. Lanolin alcohol C. Hydrous woolfat D. Anhydrous woolfat E. Unsaturated fatty acids

B. Lanolin alcohol

69. Linoleic and linolenic acids are polyunsaturated octadecenoic acids. These fatty acids are essential for human nutrition and have been called A. Vitamin P B. Vitamin H C. Vitamin K D. Vitamin F E. Vitamin B complex

D. Vitamin F

70. What process is required in the preparation of undecylenic acid? A. Combustion B. Distillation C. Pyrolysis D. Decantation E. Evaporation of active components

C. Pyrolysis

71. Undecylenic acid is used as: A. Anthelmintic agent B. Antibiotic C. Antiviral D. Antifungal E. Antimalarial

D. Antifungal

72. Mixtures of different molecular weight acids and alcohols A. Fats B. Waxes C. Fixed oil D. Sterols E. Glycosides

B. Waxes

73. Mixture consisting primarily of esters of saturated fatty alcohols and saturated fatty acids A. Spermaceti B. Synthetic spermaceti C. Cetyl esters wax D. Both A and B are correct E. Both B and C are correct

E. Both B and C are correct

74. Carnauba wax is obtained from A. Ovis aries B. Apis mellifera C. Simmondsia chinensis D. Copernicia prunifera E. Physeter macrocephalus

D. Copernicia prunifera

75. All prostaglandins have this kind of ring with two aliphatic side chains A. Cyclopropane B. Anthracene C. Phenanthrene D. Benzopyrene E. Cyclopentane

E. Cyclopentane

76. Which of the following pairs is correct? A. PGF2a: carboprost B. PGF1: alprostadil C. PGF2: dinoprost D. 15-methyl PGF2a: dinoprostone E. Both C and D

A. PGF2a: carboprost

77. The following are correct regarding volatile oils, except: A. They possess characteristic odors B. They have high refractive indices and are optically active C. They are immiscible in water, and therefore cannot impart their odor in water D. All the given choices are correct E. Only A and B are correct

C. They are immiscible in water, and therefore cannot impart their odor in water

78. How many isoprene units are present in monoterpenes? A. 2 isoprene units B. 3 isoprene units C. 4 isoprene units D. 5 isoprene units E. 6 isoprene units

A. 2 isoprene units

79. Which of the following is classified as a phenylpropanoid? A. alpha-pinene B. limonene C. geraniol D. eugenol E. lanosterol

D. eugenol

80. Building blocks of terpenes A. isoprene units B. amino acids C. volatile oils D. pyrophosphates E. monomer units

A. isoprene units

81. This is a C-10 precursor of the terpenes and is believed to play a key role in the formation of monoterpenes A. Geranyl pyrophosphate B. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate C. Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate D. All of the above E. None of the above

A. Geranyl pyrophosphate

82. Principal precursor/s for phenylpropanoid compounds A. Cinnamic acid B. p-hydroxycinnamic acid C. p-coumaric acid D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

83. This is probably the most widely distributed monocyclic terpene A. Eugenol B. Cinnamaldehyde C. Limonene D. Myrcene E. Sabinene

C. Limonene

84. This is formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine oil in the presence of alcohol A. Terpin hydrate B. Terpinol C. Cis-p-menthane-1,8-diol hydrate D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

85. Neroli oil is A. Orange flower oil B. Juniper oil C. Pine oil D. Cardamom oil E. Rose oil

A. Orange flower oil

86. Japanese peppermint oil A. Mentha piperita B. Mentha cordifolia C. Mentha arvensis D. All of the above E. None of the above

C. Mentha arvensis

87. It is used as a counterirritant in external analgesic preparations such as BenGay® and Vicks Vaporub® A. Eucalyptol B. Menthol C. Cinnamon D. Eugenol E. Vanillin

B. Menthol

88. The most important contributors of lemon oil flavor A. Neral B. Geranial C. Citral D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

89. Lemon oil that has an _____ odor must not be used or dispensed, as such an odor indicates decomposed terpenes or added turpentine oil A. Fruity odor B. Terebinthinate odor C. Odoriferous odor D. Acetone-like odor E. Strong aromatic odor

B. Terebinthinate odor

90. The following are classified as ketone volatile oil, except A. Fenchone B. Carvone C. Menthol D. Camphor E. Thujone

C. Menthol

91. Mentha spicata A. Peppermint B. Spearmint oil C. Japanese peppermint D. Yerba Buena E. None of the above

B. Spearmint oil

92. Horsemint oil (Monarda punctata) is a good source of: A. Menthol B. Thymol C. Eucalyptol D. Camphor E. Eugenol

B. Thymol

93. One of the following is classified as phenolic ether volatile oil A. Nutgall B. Nutmeg C. Camphor D. Eugenol E. Thymol

B. Nutmeg

94. The following is/are described regarding nutmeg, EXCEPT: A. Obtained from Myristica fragrans B. Used as flavorant and condiment C. In recent years, used as hallucinogenic agent especially among prison inmates D. Can exert its toxic effect in relatively small amounts E. Intoxication is also manifested by flushing, tachycardia and absence of salivation

D. Can exert its toxic effect in relatively small amounts

95. Which of the following is/are classified as oxide volatile oil? A. Cineole B. Eucalyptol C. Cajuputol D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above

96. This is produced synthetically or is obtained by maceration and subsequent distillation with steam from the leaves of Gaultheria or from the bark of Betula lenta A. Methyl salicylate B. Salicylic acid C. Acetylsalicylic acid D. Eucalyptus oil E. Lavender oil

A. Methyl salicylate

97. The following are oleo-gum-resins, except: A. Myrrh B. Asafetida C. Styrax D. Both A and B E. Both B and C

C. Styrax

98. A solid resin obtained from Pinus palustris and other Pinus species A. Rosin B. Colophony C. Podophyllum D. All of the above E. Both A and B are correct

E. Both A and B are correct

99. Podophyllum is also known as A. Mayapple B. Mandrake C. Colophony D. All of the above E. Both A and B only

E. Both A and B only

100. Which of the following is/are use/s of podophyllum? A. Purgative B. Antimitotic C. Caustic D. All of the above E. None of the above

D. All of the above