Anatomy red and blue terms - test 3

What is sensation?

sensory information arriving at CNS

What is included in general senses?

Temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception

What do general senses utilize?

Sensory (ascending) tracts and some cranial nerves

What is included in special senses

Olfaction, gustation, balance/equilibrium, hearing, and vision

What do special senses utilize?

Cranial nerves only

What are sense organs?

Highly specialized, and localized to specific parts of the body

Where are general sense receptors found?

Throughout the body

What is perception?

Conscious awareness of a sensation

What is olfaction?

sense of smell

What is gustation?

sense of taste

What is a sensory receptor?

Specialized cell or cell process that monitors conditions in the body or external environment

What do sensory receptors exhibit?

specificity

What are the two things that sensory receptors can be?

Free nerve endings, or discrete structures

What are free nerve endings?

The sensory neuron is the receptor

What is the area monitored by in a sensory receptor?

Receptive field

What do all stimuli need to be converted to by sensory receptors?

Action potential

Are tonic receptors always active or normally inactive?

Always active

Are phasic receptors always active, or normally inactive?

Normally inactive

What is normally inactive and only becomes active when a change occurs in conditions being monitored? (related to interpretation of sensory information)

Phasic receptors

What is adaptation?

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus

What is peripheral adaptation?

When receptors or sensory neurons alter levels of activity

What nervous system does peripheral adaptation use?

PNS

What nervous system involves central adaptation?

CNS

What is central adaptation?

When sensory neurons remain active, but neurons along the sensory pathway are inhibited

What kind of receptors are typically exhibited by peripheral adaptation?

Phasic receptors

What is histamine?

one of two dissolved chemicals (the other is capsaicin)

What is capsaicin

one of two dissolved chemicals (the other is histamine)

What is one way to describe free nerve endings? (just a different name for them)

Modified dendrites

What are nociceptors?

Free nerve endings with large receptive fields

What is referred pain?

When visceral pain is felt far from the site of the stimulus

Why does referred pain happen?

Multiple first-order sensory neurons converging on the same second-order neurons

What are thermoreceptors?

General sense receptors that pick-up change in temperature

How many types and what are the different types of thermoreceptors?

2, cold and warm

Are cold or warm thermoreceptors more abundant? And how much more abundant?

Cold receptors are 3-4x more abundant

What tracts do thermoreceptors utilize?

Lateral spinothalamic tracts

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to?

Stimuli that stretch, compress, twist, or distort their cell membranes

How many classes are there of mechanoreceptors? What are the classes?

3 classes:

Tactile receptors

Baroreceptors

Proprioceptors

What sensations to tactile receptors provide? (related to mechanoreceptors)

Provide sensations of (fine/crude) touch, (fine/crude) pressure, and vibration

What do baroreceptors do? (related to mechanoreceptors)

Stretch receptors that detect pressure changes by monitoring walls of hollow organs

What to proprioceptors monitor? (related to mechanoreceptors)

Positions of joints and muscles

What are the two types of tactile receptors?

Unencapsulated and encapsulated receptors

What are the things related to unencapsulated receptors?

Free nerve ending (crude touch)

Root hair plexus (hair displacement)

Tactile disc (fine touch and pressure)

What are the things related to encapsulated receptors?

Tactile corpuscle (light touch, pressure, and vibration)

Bulbous corpuscle (pressure and distortion of skin)

Lamellar corpuscle (deep pressure, pulsation, and vibration)

What do chemoreceptors do?

Detect small changed in the concentration of specific chemicals/compounds dissolved in surrounding fluid

What do carotid and aortic bodies do?

Detect changes in pH, CO2, and O2 in blood

What is olfaction?

Sense of smell

What is your sense of smell called?

Olfaction

What does olfactory epithelium contain?

Olfactory sensory neurons

Supporting cells

Basal epithelial cells

What are olfactory sensory neurons?

Specialized bipolar neurons with 20+ cilia bearing olfactory receptor proteins

What do olfactory sensory neurons do?

Axons bundles into fascicles, which pass through cribriform foramina to olfactory bulb

What are specialized bipolar neurons with 20+ cilia bearing olfactory receptor proteins?

Olfactory sensory neurons

What are basal epithelial cells?

Stem cells

What are the stem cells in the olfactory epithelium called?

Basal epithelial cells

What is the lamina propria?

A thin layer of connective tissue

What does the lamina propria contain?

Loose connective tissue

Blood vessels

Nerves

Olfactory glands

What do olfactory glands (involved in lamina propria) do?

Secrete mucus

What are the glands that secretes mucus called?

Olfactory glands

Are olfactory receptors specific?

Very specific

What does gustation involve?

detection of tastants dissolved in saliva

What are the things dissolved in saliva that are detected in gustation called?

Tastants

Where are taste buds found?

Throughout the oral cavity along the sides of the lingual papillae

What is found on the sides of the lingual papilla?

Taste buds

What do taste buds contain?

Gustatory epithelial cells

Basal epithelias cells

What do gustatory epithelial cells contain?

Microvilli with receptors

What are basal epithelial cells? (Another type of cell)

Stem cells

What is another name for “taste hairs”

Microvilli

What are the 6 different gustatory discriminations?

Sweet

Sour

Salty

Bitter

Umai

Water

What are the structures in the external ear?

Auricle

External acoustic meatus

Tympanic membrane

Ceruminous glands

Hairs

What do ceruminous glands secrete?

Cerumen (along the external acoustic meatus)

What are the structures of the middle ear?

Auditory tube

Auditory ossicles

Muscles

What do the auditory ossicles (in the middle ear) include?

Malleus (“hammer”)

Incus (“anvil”)

Stapes (“stirrup”)

What muscles are in the middle ear?

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

What is the name for the cavity associated with the middle ear?

Tympanic cavity

What are the malleus, incus, and stapes considered?

Auditory ossicles (little bones)

What are the 3 auditory ossicles

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

What is otitis media?

Middle ear infection

What is the bony labyrinth?

Passages through temporal bone (filled with perilymph)

What is the bony labyrinth filled with? (related to middle ear)

Perilymph

What is the membranous labyrinth? (Related to the internal ear)

Soft tissue tubes and sacs within bony labyrinth (filled with endolymph)

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

Endolymph

What is associated with soft tissue tubes and sacs within the bony labyrinth? (filled with endolymph, related to the internal ear)

Membranous labyrinth

What are the utricle and the saccule associated with?

The membranous labyrinth

How is the saccule oriented?

Vertically

How is the utricle oriented?

Horizontally

What are the clusters of hair cells called within the membranous labyrinth?

Maculae

What are the cilia of hair cells that are embedded in the otolithic membrane called?

Otoliths

Where are the cilia of hair cells embedded? (what membrane?

Otolithic membrane

What nerve has neurons that monitors hair cells?

Vestibular nerve

Why is the utricle oriented horizontally?

To help sense horizontal movements (forwards and backwards)

Why is the saccule oriented vertically?

To help sense vertical movements

What does the ampulla do? (Related to semicircular ducts)

houses hair cells on an ampullary crest

What are the 3 semicircular ducts?

Posterior

Anterior

Lateral

Where is the ampulla of each duct housing hair cells? (Related to semicircular ducts)

Ampullary crest

Where are cilia of hair cells embedded?

Ampullary cupula

What is the vestibular ganglion?

A collection of cell bodies right outside the vestibule

Sensory neurons synapse on neurons within the ___ ___

Vestibular nuclei

What do the vestibular nuclei do?

Send signals to various parts of the brain to coordinate movements of the eyes, head, and neck

What does the cochlea have to deal with? (What sense)

Hearing

What fluid is the cochlear duct filled with?

Endolymph

What is the central cochlear duct found in-between?

Vestibular duct

Tympanic duct