pacop pbio

PACOP VIOLET Proteins

• Proteins: Most abundant and functionally diverse biomolecules in the body.

• Glutamine Stretch: Related to misfolded proteins often seen in Alzheimer’s disease.

• Sickle Cell Anemia: Amino acid substitution where glutamic acid is replaced by valine at position #6.

• Respiratory Acidosis: Caused by hyperventilation due to retention of CO2.

• Isoelectric Point: The pH at which an amino acid has no net charge, important for understanding amino acid behavior in electrophoresis.

• Zwitterions: Molecules with equal ionizable groups of opposite charge, commonly present in amino acids.

• Michaelis-Menten Equation: Describes enzyme kinetics and how reaction rates change with substrate concentration.

Key Amino Acids

• Leucine & Glutamine: Not basic amino acids essential for protein synthesis.

• Peptide Bonds: Bonds linking amino acids together in peptides.

• Phenylisothiocyanate: Component of Edman’s reagent, used in amino acid sequencing.

• Hydrogen Bonds: Stabilizing forces in structures such as alpha-helices of proteins.

Protein Structures

• Alpha-Helices: Common structural element reversing the polypeptide direction.

• Prions: Abnormal, misfolded proteins associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

• Hemoglobin & Myoglobin: The two most abundant heme proteins in humans, crucial for oxygen storage and transport.

  • Myoglobin: Found in heart and skeletal muscles.

  • Hemoglobin A: Major adult hemoglobin type.

• Thalassemia: A hereditary hemolytic disease resulting from imbalanced globin synthesis.

• Methemoglobin: Resulting from oxidation of the heme component in hemoglobin, leading to Fe3+ state.

Structural Proteins

• Collagen & Elastin: Examples of fibrous proteins.

  • Collagen: Most abundant protein in the human body.

    • Type IV: Non-fibril forming collagen.

    • Rich in proline and glycine.

  • Elastin: Provides elasticity in connective tissues, large proteins containing multiple polypeptide regions.

• Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: A group of disorders affecting connective tissues.

Amino Acid Metabolism

• Oxidoreductase: Enzyme class exemplified by lactic dehydrogenase involved in amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

• Protein Turnover: Recycling proteins back into amino acids for use in the body.

• Glycine: Optically active amino acid involved in various metabolic processes.

• Tyrosine: An important amino acid not containing sulfur, a precursor to neurotransmitters.

Enzyme Inhibition and Disease

• Transamination: The first step in amino acid catabolism, exchanging amino groups between amino acids and keto acids.

• Celiac Disease: A malabsorption disorder affecting dietary protein metabolism.

• Albinism: Caused by melanin deficiency.

• Phenylketonuria: An inherited metabolic disorder where phenylalanine cannot be converted to tyrosine, leading to severe health issues.

• Maple Syrup Urine Disease: Results from defective metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine).

Genetics and DNA

• A-DNA & B-DNA: Two forms of right-handed DNA; Z-DNA is left-handed.

• Plasmids: Extrachromosomal DNA used in bacterial genetics.

• Translocation: Movement of tRNA during protein synthesis.

Chemical Bonding & Reactions

• Covalent Bonds: Formed between atoms by sharing electrons; essential in forming stable protein structures.

• Glycosidic Bonds: Bonds linking carbohydrates within polysaccharides.

• Isomerization: The conversion of substrates from one isomer to another, crucial in metabolic pathways.

Fatty Acids and Lipid Metabolism

• Micelles: Disk-shaped clusters aiding in lipid absorption.

• Hyperlipoproteinemia: Genetic disorders affecting lipid transport in the bloodstream.

• Acetyl CoA: Major fuel for the TCA cycle; essential metabolite linking carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

Vitamins and Nutrition

• Vitamin K: Fat-soluble vitamin crucial for blood clotting, synthesized in intestinal bacteria.

• Vitamin B Deficiencies: Include conditions such as pernicious anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.

Aging and Disease

• Macular Degeneration: Leading cause of blindness; related to aging and oxidative stress.

• Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Hereditary defect preventing DNA repair, increases skin cancer risk.

Testing and Measurements

• Van de Bergh Reaction: Identifies bilirubin concentration in the blood.

• Ninhydrin Test: Detects free amino acids by producing a yellow color.

• Biuret Test: Tests for peptide bonds, indicative of proteins in solutions.

Miscellaneous

• Marasmus & Kwashiorkor: Types of malnutrition with protein deficiencies leading to severe health outcomes.

• Reductase Enzymes: Enzymes that add hydrogen to substrates, important in biosynthesis.

• Amylase: Enzyme responsible for breaking down carbohydrates like maltose.