COM 114 Test Out Terms/Summaries - Purdue University

Spanish Vocabulary: Life and Coexistence

BIOL 2108 Exam 1 Study Guide   Exam 1 will consist of 60 multiple-choice questions.  Likely a few matching sections built in

WORLD HISTORY SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE UNIT 5: WORLD WAR I & THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Murder of Austria-Hungary's heir that triggered WWI. Militarism Building up armed forces. Alliances Agreements to defend one another. Imperialism Expanding power through colonies. Nationalism Strong pride in one's nation. Schlieffen Plan Germany's plan to defeat France quickly. Total War Using all national resources for war. New Military Technology Machine Gun Rapid-fire weapon. Tank Armored combat vehicle. Airplane Used for scouting and attacks. Poison Gas Chemical weapon. Propaganda Information used to influence people. Lusitania British ship sunk by Germany. Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty ending WWI. League of Nations Organization created to keep peace. War Communism Government control of Russia's economy. USSR Communist state formed in 1922. Stalin Soviet dictator who expanded government control. UNIT 6: RISE OF DICTATORS & WORLD WAR II Fascist Government led by a dictator. Totalitarian Government with total control. Authoritarian Government limiting freedoms. Communist Government controls the economy. Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy. Five-Year Plan Stalin's industrial program. Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Nazi Party Hitler's political party. Final Solution Nazi plan to kill Europe's Jews. Hyperinflation Extreme rise in prices. Aggression and Instability Countries used force to gain land. Appeasement Giving in to avoid war. Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany and USSR agreed not to fight. Pearl Harbor Attack that brought the U.S. into WWII. Blitzkrieg Fast attack using tanks and planes. D-Day Allied invasion of Normandy. Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. president during WWII. Winston Churchill British prime minister during WWII. Dwight Eisenhower Commander of the D-Day invasion. Manhattan Project Program that developed the atomic bomb. UNIT 7: ASIA, AFRICA, & THE MIDDLE EAST Mandate System League of Nations control over territories. Israel Jewish state created in 1948. Palestine Region claimed by Arabs and Jews. Jerusalem Holy city claimed by both sides. Golan Heights Strategic land captured from Syria. Sinai Peninsula Egyptian land occupied after war. Arab-Israeli Conflict Long struggle between Israel and Arab nations. Palestinian Refugees (Where?) Many fled to nearby Arab countries. Palestinian Refugees (Effects) Created long-term tensions. MIDDLE EAST Iran-Iraq War Eight-year war between Iran and Iraq. Persian Gulf War War to free Kuwait from Iraq. Islamic Revolution Iran became an Islamic republic. Soviets in Afghanistan Soviet invasion in 1979. Taliban Islamic group that ruled Afghanistan. The Iraq War U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Syrian Civil War War between Syria's government and rebels. Al Qaeda and September 11 Attacks Terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001. War in Afghanistan U.S. war against terrorism. ISIS Extremist group that seized territory. AFRICA Berlin Conference European powers divided Africa. Britain Controlled large African colonies. Belgium Ruled the Congo. Germany Held several African colonies. African Independence Freedom from colonial rule. African National Congress (ANC) Group that fought apartheid. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) Group promoting African self-rule. Apartheid Racial segregation in South Africa. Nelson Mandela Leader who helped end apartheid. Rwandan Genocide Mass killing in Rwanda in 1994. Hutu Ethnic majority in Rwanda. Tutsi Ethnic minority targeted in the genocide

Colecistitis, colangitis

Persuasion Commitment and Consistency

HALACHA Q: What is Halacha? A: The Jewish path for living. Q: Why is Halacha compared to a path? A: It guides a person through life. Q: Why are actions important in Judaism? A: Actions shape character. Q: What is the difference between believing something and living it? A: Living it means putting beliefs into action. Q: Why did rabbis make d’Rabbanan laws? A: To protect Torah laws and help prevent mistakes. Q: What helps Judaism answer new situations? A: The Oral Torah. Q: What is Torah Shebichtav? A: The Written Torah. Q: What is Torah Sheba’al Peh? A: The Oral Torah. Q: What is a D’Oraita law? A: A Torah law. Q: What is a D’Rabbanan law? A: A rabbinic law. Q: What is a Gezeirah? A: A fence around the Torah to prevent mistakes. Q: What is a Minhag? A: A Jewish custom. ⸻ FREEDOM & PESACH Q: What does Pesach celebrate? A: Leaving Egypt. Q: What is true freedom? A: Choosing what is meaningful and right. Q: What is Mitzrayim? A: Anything that traps a person. Q: Give a modern example of Mitzrayim. A: Peer pressure, insecurity, or bad habits. Q: Can someone be physically free but spiritually trapped? A: Yes. Q: How? A: By being controlled by desires or bad habits. Q: Who demonstrates true freedom? A: Someone who can control themselves when tempted. Q: What should freedom lead to? A: Responsibility and growth. Q: What connects Pesach and Sefirat HaOmer? A: Freedom is followed by preparation and growth. ⸻ MATZAH & HUMILITY Q: What does matzah symbolize? A: Humility. Q: Why is matzah called the bread of humility? A: It reminds us not to become consumed by ego. Q: What does chametz symbolize? A: Pride and ego. Q: Why is humility important? A: It helps a person grow. Q: Why is humility necessary for growth? A: You must recognize areas that need improvement. ⸻ MODEH ANI Q: What is Modeh Ani? A: A prayer of gratitude said when waking up. Q: Why do Jews say Modeh Ani first thing in the morning? A: To start the day with gratitude. Q: What does Modeh Ani teach? A: Every day is a gift. Q: What does “Rabbah Emunatecha” mean? A: Hashem believes in our potential. Q: Why begin the day with gratitude? A: Gratitude shapes perspective before distractions begin. Q: What danger exists in saying Modeh Ani without thinking? A: Turning a meaningful routine into a habit. ⸻ SEFIRAT HAOMER Q: What is Sefirat HaOmer? A: Counting the days between Pesach and Shavuot. Q: Why do we count the Omer? A: To prepare for receiving the Torah. Q: What is the message of the Omer? A: Growth happens gradually. Q: What does counting every day teach? A: Small improvements matter. Q: What lesson does the Omer teach about growth? A: Growth requires consistency and effort. Q: What should someone remember if they want instant results? A: Growth is a process. Q: Which student demonstrates the message of the Omer? A: “Small improvements every day matter.” Q: Why did Bnei Yisrael count the Omer? A: To prepare spiritually for the Torah. ⸻ PREPARATION Q: What is preparation? A: Getting ready for something important. Q: Why is preparation important? A: Important goals require effort and growth. Q: What did the Jews prepare for during the Omer? A: Receiving the Torah. ⸻ TEFILLAH Q: What is tefillah? A: Prayer. Q: Why is regular prayer important? A: Relationships need regular communication. Q: What happens if someone only prays when they need something? A: They miss the relationship aspect of prayer. ⸻ SHACHARIT, MINCHA, MA’ARIV Q: What is Shacharit? A: Morning prayer. Q: What does Shacharit teach? A: Begin the day with Hashem. Q: What is Mincha? A: Afternoon prayer. Q: Why is Mincha difficult? A: It happens during a busy time. Q: What does Mincha teach? A: Pause and reconnect with Hashem. Q: What is Ma’ariv? A: Evening prayer. Q: What does Ma’ariv teach? A: Trust in Hashem. ⸻ KAVANA Q: What is Kavana? A: Focus and meaning in prayer. Q: Why is Kavana important? A: It makes prayer meaningful. Q: Who demonstrates Kavana? A: Someone who focuses on the meaning of a bracha. Q: What improves tefillah most? A: Understanding what you’re saying. Q: What should someone do if their mind wanders? A: Refocus and keep trying. Q: What happens when prayer is rushed? A: It becomes robotic. ⸻ AMIDAH Q: What is the Amidah? A: The central prayer of davening. Q: What are the three parts of the Amidah? A: Praise, requests, gratitude. Q: Why does praise come first? A: To build a relationship with Hashem. Q: Why does the Amidah end with gratitude? A: Appreciation is essential in relationships. Q: What do three steps forward symbolize? A: Coming closer to Hashem. Q: Why step backward afterward? A: To leave respectfully. ⸻ MINYAN Q: What is a minyan? A: Ten Jews praying together. Q: Why is a minyan important? A: It creates unity and shared responsibility. Q: Does a minyan guarantee prayers are answered? A: No. Q: What is the danger of focusing only on communal prayer? A: Ignoring personal connection with Hashem. ⸻ SIX CONSTANT MITZVOT Q: Why are they called constant? A: They apply all day. Q: What is the first Constant Mitzvah? A: Believe in Hashem. Q: Second? A: Don’t believe in other gods. Q: Third? A: Hashem is One. Q: Fourth? A: Love Hashem. Q: Fifth? A: Fear/Awe Hashem. Q: Sixth? A: Don’t follow harmful desires. Q: What unit teaches awareness of Hashem all day? A: Six Constant Mitzvot. Q: What action demonstrates a Constant Mitzvah? A: Thinking about Hashem before making a difficult decision. ⸻ BEIN ADAM LAMAKOM Q: What does Bein Adam LaMakom mean? A: Relationship between a person and Hashem. Q: What best summarizes Bein Adam LaMakom? A: Building an ongoing relationship with Hashem. Q: Should spirituality be separated from daily life? A: No

Study Guide Module 2 MODULE 2 STUDY GUIDE The Integumentary System ⸻ CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Components of the Integumentary System The integumentary system consists of: * Skin * Hair * Nails * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands The skin is the largest organ in the body. Functions of the Integumentary System 1. Protection 2. Sensation 3. Thermoregulation 4. Vitamin D synthesis 5. Communication ⸻ CHAPTER 2: LAYERS OF THE SKIN The skin has two major layers: Epidermis * Superficial layer * Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium * Avascular Dermis * Deeper layer * Connective tissue * Contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles Hypodermis * Not technically part of the skin * Also called subcutaneous layer * Contains adipose tissue Functions: * Energy storage * Cushioning * Insulation * Anchoring skin ⸻ CHAPTER 3: EPIDERMIS Cell Types Keratinocytes * Most abundant cells * Produce keratin Melanocytes * Produce melanin * Protect against UV radiation Tactile (Merkel) Cells * Touch receptors Dendritic Cells * Immune defense * Phagocytize pathogens ⸻ EPIDERMAL LAYERS Deep → Superficial Stratum Basale * Deepest layer * Single layer of cuboidal cells * Contains stem cells * Contains melanocytes * Contains tactile cells * Site of mitosis Stratum Spinosum * 8–10 layers thick * Contains dendritic cells * Connected by desmosomes Stratum Granulosum * 3–5 layers * Keratinization begins * Cells flatten * Organelles begin breaking down Stratum Lucidum * Only in thick skin * Palms and soles * Dead transparent cells Stratum Corneum * 15–30 layers * Dead keratinized cells * Protection from abrasion * Prevents dehydration ⸻ THICK VS THIN SKIN Thick Skin Found on: * Palms * Soles Contains: * Stratum lucidum Thin Skin Found everywhere else Does not contain: * Stratum lucidum ⸻ EPIDERMAL WATER BARRIER Located between: * Stratum spinosum * Stratum granulosum Functions: * Waterproofing * Prevents dehydration * Prevents excess water entry Components: 1. Filaggrin 2. Lamellar proteins 3. Lamellar lipids 4. Tight junction proteins ⸻ CHAPTER 4: DERMIS Made of connective tissue. Papillary Layer Contains: * Areolar connective tissue * Dermal papillae * Capillaries * Tactile corpuscles (Meissner corpuscles) Function: * Light touch sensation Reticular Layer Contains: * Dense irregular connective tissue * Hair follicles * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands * Arrector pili muscles * Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles Function: * Deep pressure * Vibration sensation ⸻ DERMAL FIBERS Collagen Provides: * Strength * Support * Water retention Elastin Provides: * Elasticity * Stretching ability ⸻ CHAPTER 5: PIGMENTATION Melanin Produced by: * Melanocytes Functions: * Skin color * UV protection Effects of UV Exposure UV stimulates: * Keratinocytes * Melanocytes Result: * Increased melanin production * Tanning ⸻ Disorders of Pigmentation Albinism Cause: * Lack of melanin production Effects: * Pale skin * Light sensitivity * Increased skin cancer risk Vitiligo Cause: * Loss of melanocyte activity Effects: * White patches on skin ⸻ CHAPTER 6: FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN Protection Protects against: * Microorganisms * Chemicals * UV radiation * Water loss * Physical trauma Dermicidin: * Antimicrobial substance in sweat ⸻ Sensory Function Skin detects: * Touch * Pain * Temperature * Pressure * Vibration Receptors Meissner Corpuscles * Light touch Pacinian Corpuscles * Deep pressure * Vibration Tactile Cells * Touch Hair Root Plexus * Detects hair movement ⸻ Thermoregulation When Body Is Hot Blood vessels: * Dilate Sweat glands: * Increase secretion Result: * Cooling When Body Is Cold Blood vessels: * Constrict Result: * Conserves heat Can lead to: * Frostbite ⸻ Vitamin D Synthesis UV exposure stimulates vitamin D production. Vitamin D helps: * Calcium absorption * Bone health * Immune function Deficiency causes: Rickets Children Osteomalacia Adults ⸻ Communication Examples: * Facial expressions * Goosebumps * Sweating * Hair patterns ⸻ CHAPTER 7: HAIR Hair Structure Hair Shaft Visible portion Hair Root Embedded portion Hair Follicle Surrounds root Hair Bulb Growth region Hair Matrix Mitotic cells Hair Papilla Blood supply ⸻ Hair Layers 1. Medulla 2. Cortex 3. Cuticle ⸻ Hair Functions * Protection * Thermoregulation * Sensation * Communication ⸻ Hair Growth Average: * 0.3 mm/day Normal loss: * About 50 hairs/day ⸻ Hair Color Determined by: * Melanin Gray hair: * Reduced melanin production ⸻ Arrector Pili Muscle Functions: * Causes goosebumps * Helps retain heat Controlled by: * Sympathetic nervous system ⸻ Alopecia Definition: * Hair loss Pattern baldness: * Hormonal and genetic ⸻ CHAPTER 8: NAILS Functions: * Protection * Support for grasping Structures: * Nail body * Nail root * Nail matrix * Nail bed * Lunula * Cuticle (eponychium) * Hyponychium ⸻ CHAPTER 9: GLANDS Eccrine Sweat Glands Location: * Most of body Functions: * Thermoregulation Secrete: * Water * Salt * Waste products ⸻ Apocrine Sweat Glands Location: * Armpits * Genital regions Characteristics: * Empty into hair follicles * Produce odor after bacterial breakdown ⸻ Sebaceous Glands Produce: * Sebum Functions: * Lubricates skin * Waterproofs skin * Prevents drying * Antibacterial effects ⸻ CHAPTER 10: SKIN CANCER Basal Cell Carcinoma Origin: * Stratum basale Characteristics: * Most common * Least likely to metastasize ⸻ Squamous Cell Carcinoma Origin: * Stratum spinosum Characteristics: * More aggressive * Can metastasize ⸻ Melanoma Origin: * Melanocytes Characteristics: * Most deadly * Highly metastatic ABCDE Rule A = Asymmetry B = Border irregularity C = Color variation D = Diameter > 6 mm E = Evolving ⸻ CHAPTER 11: SKIN DISORDERS Eczema Symptoms: * Dry skin * Itching * Rash * Inflammation Treatment: * Moisturizers * Corticosteroids ⸻ Acne Cause: * Excess sebum * Keratin buildup * Bacterial infection Common locations: * Face * Chest * Back ⸻ CHAPTER 12: WOUND HEALING Steps: 1. Clot Formation Stops bleeding 2. Scab Formation 3. Fibroblast Activity Produces collagen 4. Capillary Growth 5. Epidermal Repair ⸻ CHAPTER 13: BURNS First-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis only Symptoms: * Redness * Pain ⸻ Second-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis + part of dermis Symptoms: * Blisters * Swelling * Pain ⸻ Third-Degree Burn Damage: * Epidermis * Dermis * Hypodermis Characteristics: * Nerve destruction * Often painless initially * Requires grafting ⸻ Rule of Nines Head and neck = 9% Each arm = 9% Each leg = 18% Trunk = 36% Genitalia = 1% ⸻ CHAPTER 14: SCARS Scar Tissue Produced by: * Fibroblasts Contains: * Collagen Lacks: * Hair follicles * Sweat glands * Sebaceous glands ⸻ Keloid Raised scar due to excessive collagen Atrophic Scar Sunken scar Examples: * Acne scars * Chickenpox scars ⸻ CHAPTER 15: PRESSURE AND FRICTION INJURIES Bedsores Cause: * Prolonged pressure Result: * Reduced blood flow * Tissue death ⸻ Stretch Marks Cause: * Rapid growth * Pregnancy * Weight gain ⸻ Calluses Cause: * Repeated friction Result: * Thickened epidermis ⸻ Corns Specialized calluses ⸻ Blisters Cause: * Friction Result: * Fluid accumulation between skin layers ⸻ CHAPTER 16: AGING AND THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Changes: Epidermis * Thinner * Slower cell division Dermis * Less collagen * Less elastin * Slower healing Hypodermis * Fat redistribution * Less cushioning Hair * Thinner * Grayer Nails * Slower growth * More brittle Glands * Less sweat * Less sebum Skin * Wrinkles * Sagging * Dryness ⸻ HIGH-YIELD EXAM FACTS Epidermal Layers Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum Touch Receptors * Meissner = Light touch * Pacinian = Pressure/Vibration Pigment Cell * Melanocyte Immune Cell * Dendritic Cell Touch Cell * Merkel (Tactile) Cell Cancer Origins * Basal Cell Carcinoma = Stratum Basale * Squamous Cell Carcinoma = Stratum Spinosum * Melanoma = Melanocytes Sweat Glands * Eccrine = Cooling * Apocrine = Odor Burn Depths * 1st = Epidermis * 2nd = Epidermis + Dermis * 3rd = Epidermis + Dermis + Hypodermis Vitamin D Deficiency * Rickets * Osteomalacia This should cover essentially all of the major concepts from the four readings and is the type of material most likely to appear on a Module 2 Anatomy & Physiology exam

Colecistitis

Dimensional Analysis and Consistency of Equations

Khrushchev and East-West relations

Purdue Civic Exam

eisenhower african american

Eisenhower foreign policy

eisenhower economy

eisenhower domestic policy

Eisenhower successfully managed Cold War crises between 1952 and 1960.” Assess the validity of this view.

eisenhower CRs & FP

eisenhower domestic/econ/political

eisenhower why did he involve