Purdue Bio 111 Rec Quiz 6 Summer

Ligands

signaling molecules produced by cells that communicate

Target cells

listening cells that have receptors to capture ligands

Ligand / Receptor Complexes

Transduce (transmit) a signal into the cell

Signal transduction

leads to a cellular response (ie. altered metabolism, gene expression or shape/ motility)

Categories of cell signaling is based on _____ between cells and ______ of cells

distance, type o Autocrine signaling

Hydrophobic ligands can diffuse across the ______ ________

plasma membrane o Example of hydrophobic ligands

Hydrophilic ligands are _______ and therefore don’t ________ across the plasma membrane

polar, diffuse o Hydrophyllic ligands must bind to_______ bound receptors which have ______ protein domains

Types of membrane bound receptors o Ion channel receptors are affected by ___________ binding which opens the ______ channel _____ the membrane

ligand, ion, across o Enzymatic (Catalytic receptors) are affected by ________ binding which ________ the enzymatic activity of the ________ ________ domain

G Protein Coupled Receptors are a type of ________bound receptor

membrane

G proteins are membrane bound, _______, _______binding proteins

trimeric GTP

G proteins are composed of ____,____ and _____ protein subunits

α, β, & γ

GDP bound

inactive (D=DON’T DO NOTHIN)

GTP bound

active (T= THIS girl has shit TO DO)

When a _______ binds to a ligand it binds to an inactive G protein causing a _____ subunit to exchange DGP for GTP

GPCR, α

The _____ G protein complex then ______ (not always) into activated ___ and activated _________ protein subunits

activated, separates, α, βγ

Both subunits can bind to _____ proteins and activate or deactivate them

target

1st step of G Protein inactivation process, the ____ protein subunit ________ GTP converting it to GDP

α, hydrolyzes

2nd step of G Protein inactivation process, the ______bound _____ protein subunit _______with the __________ subunits

GDP, α, reassembles, βγ

Lecture 20

Many drugs target ____ and are either ____ or ________

receptors, agonists, antagonists

Agonists _______ actions of __________ (activating receptors)

mimic, ligands

Antagonists _______ to but __ _____ __________ receptors (block other ligands from binding to the receptor)

bind, do not activate

Examples of drugs that are agonists are drugs that _______ the _______ receptor

activate, opioid

Naloxone/Narcan are _______ receptor ___________, outcompeting agonists for binding to the opioid receptor and block the effects of drugs like heroin and other opioid receptor agonists

opioid, antagonists

Embryonic development is a process of _____directed changes occurring after __________

gene, fertilization

4 subprocesses of embryonic development

cell division, cell differenciation, pattern formation, morphogenesis (acronym CD^2PFM, cd cd pretty freakin mean)

Cell division in development, the cells in the embryo ______ but don’t ______ (the number of cells increases but size of cells decrease). There is ______ cell growth in G1/ G2

divide, grow, NO

During cleavage the size of the _______ remains _______

embryo, constant

Cell differentiate meaning they _____ to becoming a _______ cell type

commit, particular

Determinants to a cells developmental fate are exposure to _____ and _____ contact with other cells (ultimately adopt a fate appropriate for their location in the embryo)

ligands, physical

Totipotent cells can become _______ cell type(s)

any

Pluripotent cells are _____ cells that can become any cell type except ____

PCM, placenta

Multipotent cells can become only _______ ______ types

certain cell

Unipotent cells can be ________ ______ cell type

only one

Differentiated cells can acquire mutations allowing them to ______ in early stages of _________, they can ________ the cell cycle and become mobile (tumor formation and metastasis)

dedifferentiate oncogenesis, reenter

Radially symmetrical embryos develop ______ that define the basic body plan

axes

The acquisition of axial differences in an embryo is called _________

polarity

Dorsal/Ventral

top/bottom

Anterior/posterior

frontside or backside

Morphogenesis

development and final shaping of specific anatomical structures, results from changes in cell ______/differenciation, ______, ______ and ______

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Syndactlyly

failure of tissue between one or more fingers or toes to go thru apoptosis

Lecture 21

Homeotic genes are ___ for ensuring ______ structures develop in proper ______ and _______

critical, anatomical, location, number

Morphogens are _____ _____ that affect the cell fate during development. They may be secreted by ____ within the embryo or into the embryo by mom

diffusible ligands, organizers

Morphogens are present in concentration gradients that affect cells in a ________dependent manner

concentration

The nervous system interprets info about the body_____ and ______

body, environment

Central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ______, _____ ______ and _______ within the brain and spinal chord

brain, spinal chord, interneurons

Peripheral Nervous system consists of ______ and ______ neurons

sensory, motor

Sensory neurons carry information about the _____ and ____ to the ______

body, environment, central nervous system

Interneurons

provide a link between the _____ neurons, ______ and ____ neurons

Motor neurons

carry impulses from _____ to ______ (muscles, glands)

Dendrites (roots) receive signals and send _____ ______ (electrical pulses) to the ____ ___

action potentials, cell body

Cell body of a neuron consists of the ____ and other metabolic machinery, it _______ the action potential to the ______

nucleus, transmits axon

Axon (long tail) connecting dendrite to axon terminals and conducts the _____ _____ (electrical pulses)

axon potential

Axon terminals transmit the signal through a ______ to the next cell

synapse

Myelin sheath is a discontinuous ________ around the axon formed by layers of _______ which speeds the transmission of ______ _____ up and down the axon

covering, Schwann cells, action potentials

Nodes of ranvier are ______ in the _______ _____

gaps, myelin sheath

Damage to the myelin sheath causes ______ _______ a disease where the immune system attacks the structure, causes slow nerve signaling and causes coordination issues

multiple sclerosis

Nerves are surrounded by a

nerve sheath

Nerves have a collection of axon bundles

fascicles

Neuromuscular junctions are connections between _____ and ______

neurons, muscles

Vesicles contain _______

neurotransmitters

Synapses include the ______ and ______ synaptic membranes + the synaptic ____

pre, post, cleft

Botox paralyzes muscles by _______ fusion of ____ with ___synaptic membrane. This causes the neurotransmitter to not be released to the muscle cell (communication between neuron and muscle cell is cut off)

blocking, vesicles, pre