Cold War

Financing the Future

• Fears of the return of the depression led the united states to take a much more active international stance
• Examples?
  • The soviet union refused to ratify an agreement that would rebuild the world along capitalist lines and bring air to its people

The Truman Doctrine

• While FDR favored diplomacy and compromise, Truman was committed to a get-tough policy with the soviets
• When civil war threatens the governments in turkey and greece, the united states warned of a communist coup and provided $400million to defeat the rebels
• The Truman Doctrine committed the united states o a policy of trying to contain communism

Goals of the U.S. and Soviets

• The U.S. believed in a capitalist democracy. Free election, economic, and religious freedom
• Private property, respect individuals
• Limit communism
• Soviets-dictatorship
  • Government made all economic, political and military decisions
  • Those who opposed or questioned Stalin risked jail or even death
  • Expand communism

Event Leading to the Truman Doctrine

• Greek, Turkish and other countries were struggling to stop communism from taking over
• The U.S. and Truman wanted to stop the spread of communism and send money to support the anticommunist movement

George Kennan and Containment

• Kennan did not believe that the Soviets would go so far as to put their country in danger of war
• If the U.S. was patient in containing Soviet expansion, it would win in the end

The Berlin Crisis and theFormation of NATO

• The gap widened when the western zones of Germany merged
• When the Soviets cut off land access to West Berlin, the United States airlifted supplies to the city
• The United States also created an alliance of anti-soviet nations, NATO and the Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact

Atomic diplomacy

• The american policy of containing communism rested on the ability to stop expansion by military means
• After the Soviets developed nuclear weapons, both sides amassed lethal stopiles. The U.S and SOviets could come up with a plan to control them
• Within a few years both sides had a stockpile of hydrogen bombs

U.S built the Hydrogen Bomb

• It would be more tha the atomic bomb
• It would give the U.S. a Nuclear advantage over Soviets in the arms race

Containment policy in Europe

• America supported governments financially and military that resisted Communism
• Formed the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization
  • Military alliance to stop Soviet expansion
• What are some of the examples of how they helped?

The 1948 Election

• Henry Wallace challenged Truman by running on the Progressive ticket, a campaign effectively quashed by red-baiting.
• Truman repositioned himself to the left by discrediting Congressional Republicans.
• He also offered a liberal legislative package that Congress defeated.
• The Democrats split again over civil rights wen segregationists ran Strom Thurmond for president
• Truman managed to gold on to the New Deal coalition and won re-election

The Fair Deal

• In 1948, Truman proposed a package of reforms, the Fair deal
• Truman won some gains in public housing, minimum wage and Social security increases, but little else
• Trumanhelped to define cold war liberalism as promoting economic growth through expanded foreign trade and federal expenditures, chiefly defense

Identify

• Satellite nations
  • Eastern European countries - Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bolivia under Soviet control
  • Stalin used these countries as a buffer to western Europe
• Iron Curtain
  • Name that Churchill gave to the Eastern European countries controlled by the U.S.S.R
• Marshall Plan
  • U.S. provided 12 billion over a 4 year period
  • That provide food to reduce famine, fuel and to help Europe rebuild and boost their economy
• Warsaw Pact
  • Military alliance of Eastern European countries in support of Communism

Identify

• Red scare
  • The fear that communist inside and out were working to destroy America's lives
• Smith act
  • Made it unlawful to teach or advocate the violent overthrow the U.S. government
• HUAC
  • Investigate possible subversive activities by faciast nazi communists
• Hollywood Ten
  • Left wing writers and directors who invoke their 5th amendment rights and refused to answer questions about involvement in communism
• Blacklist
  • List of people who were not to be hired in the movie industry

Steps Truman and Congress tool to investigate communism

• Truman created the Federal Employee loyalty program to screen employee for political disloyalties
• Congress used HUAC to probe for communist activities

The Loyalty-Security Program

• Allegedly to combat subversive influences, Truan promoted a loyalty program
• The attorney general published a list of potentially subversive organization
• Many groups disbanded and previous membership in them destroyed individuals careers
• A wide range of restriction on alleged subversives passed Congress

The Second Red Scare

• The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched investigation into communist influence in Hollywood
• A parade of friendly witnesses denounced communists
• Many people gave names of suspect former friends so that they themselves would be cleared and able to work again
• A few witness (many blacklisted late) attacked HUAC and a handful went to prison for contempt of Congress

Rosenberg Case

• The case prove that there is a real possibility that citizens were passing on Atomic Bomb secrets to the Soviets
• The people could be executed on the testimony of a confessed spy Klaus Fuchs
• People worried that they were convicted because they were Jewish and had an unpopular view

Spy Cases

• Public anxieties were heightened when former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy
• Richard NIxon pursued the charges
• Hiss went to jail for perjury
• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed despite worldwide protests

McCarthyism

• Sen. Joseph McCarthy caused a sensation when he charged that 205 communists worked for the Senate Department
• His lack of evidence did not stop him from striking a chord with many Americans
• McCarthyism attack women’s organization homosexuals
• McCarthy’s crusade was destroyed when he went on national tv and appeared deranged, making wild charges of communist infiltration of the Army

Lead to McCarthy censorship by the Senate

• Army leaders refused McCarthy claim of communist in the MIlitary
• People say and dislike his bullying technique on television and stop supporting him
• The Senate demand McCarthy show them his list of people in the Government that were communist

An Anxious Word

• But prosperity did not dispel American anxiety over nuclear war and economic depression
• Movies and plays reflected cold war anxieties and alienation as well as anti-communism

The family as Bulwark

• The move to the suburbs, high levels of consumption, and even the rush toward marriage and parenthood illustrated these fears.
• The baby boom and high consumer spending changed the middle-class family.
• To sustain support of larger families and high rates of consumer spending, a growing number of married, middle-class women sought employment
• Table; Distribution of Total Personal Income Among Various Segments of the Population, 1947-70 (in percentages)
• Commentators bemoaned the destruction of the traditional family that they linked to the threat of communism.
• High-profile experts weighed in with popular books and articles about the dangers of women who abandoned their housewife roles.
• The conservative trend was also evident in declining numbers of women college graduates

military -industrial communities in the West

• The cold war impacted the West more than other regions
• New military-industrial communities arise especially in California, and older communities also benefited from federal spending
• To accommodate the burgeoning population, new highway systems were built that created housing sprawl, traffic congestion,

Zeal for Democracy

• The revitalization of patriotism firring World War 11 continued after the return of peace
• The American Way became a popular theme of public celebrations and patriotic messages spread through public education
• Voices of protest arose but had little impact

Identify

• Jiang jieshi
  • Chinese communist leader supported by the soviets
• Mao Zedong
  • Chinese Communist leader supported by the soviets
• 38th parallel
  • Dividing line between North and South Korea
• Douglas MacArthur
  • Leader of world forces had a plan to push north korea out of south korea and to the chinese border
• Limited war
  • Fought to achieve specific goal containment
• Southeast asia treaty organization (SEATO)
  • Defensive alliance to prevent the spread of communism
  • Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, New Zealand, France and the U.S.

Democratizing Japan and “Losing” China

• The united state achieved its greatest success in japan where a host of reforms brought an unprecedented degree of democracy where they received valuable military bases
• In china, Mao Zedong’s communist

North korea invade south korea

• North Korea attack after the U.S. Pulled out their troops
• North korea wanted to unify korea under a communist government
• They wanted access to the resources in south korea
• North korea was supported by the soviets with weapons and money

U.S. defends south korea

• Truman recognised that appeasement had led to world war 2
• He and the U.N. did not want history to repeat itself

The korean war

• When north koreans attempted a forded reunification of the peninsula, Truman called an act of soviet aggression
• With the Soviets boycotting the U.N., the security council authorized sending troops
• American forces, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, first pushed the north koreans back their side of the dividing line and then went farther north
• Chinese troops pushed the U.N. forces back until a costly stalemate settled in

Impact of U.S. participation in the Korean War

• North korea remained communist
• South korea remained democratic
• Us presidency enlarged its power to commit troops to war

The Price of national security

• Criticized for bypassing Congress, Truman explained that his authority came from NSC-68, a National Security Council position paper that:
  • consolidated decision making
  • advocated a massive buildup of military power
• The war left Korea devastated and greatly expanded the containment principle far beyond Europe
• The military stalemate left many Americans disillusioned with the promise of easy victories

“I Like Ike”: The Election of 1952

• The Korean War also effectively ruined Truman's presidency, particularly after he fired General MacArthur
• After Truman said he would not run for re-election, the Democratic Party turned to Adlai Stevenson, who offered no solutions to the key problems
• Dwight Eisenhower was the Republican candidate and ran a moderate campaign short on specifics.
• His running mate, Richard Nixon, waged a relentless attack on Stevenson.
• Eisenhower effectively used the peace issue, pledging to Korea to settle the war.
• Republicans won control of the White House and Congress

Stalin Death Eases Tensions

• Nikita Khrushchev was not as suspicious and cruel as Stalin
• He condemned excess of Stalin’s regime
• He worked with Eisenhower to achieve peaceful coexistence
• He also realized that his nation’s nuclear and military arsenal was not as powerful as they were pretending to be

Eisenhower’s foreign policy differs from Truman’s

• Truman believed in using conventional weapons to stop communist
• Eisenhower Believed that money should be spent on nuclear arsenal
• He met with the Soviet leader to develop a joint flyovers and existence

The “New Look” Eisenhowers in Foriegn Affairs

• Eisenhower favored a reliance on American nuclear superiority in favor of more expensive conventional forces.
• Secretary of State John Foster Dulles called for a policy of rollback to reverse communist gains.
• This "new look" for American foreign policy was in conflict with Eisenhower's cautious approach. Ike refused to intervene to aid anticommunist uprisings in East Berlin and Hungary. After Stalin died, new Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev raised hopes for a warming of relations.
• Following some steps toward a more peaceful coexistence, the thaw quickly froze when the Soviets shot down an American spy plane

Covert Action examples of the Eisenhower Doctrine

• Eisenhower favored covert action
• The CIA sponsored paramilitary operations in hostile or unstable regimes when newly emerging nations sought to recover resources from foreign investors
• U2 plane to spy
• Also the development of satellites

Global Interventions

• American interventions in iran overthrew the government and helper secure oil concessions
• Support for israel was challenged when Ike rejected European appeals o help seize and return the Suez Canal to Britain
• In just one of several actions the Cia sponsored coup overthrew the government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in Guatemala

Unrest behind the Iron Curtains

• Poland workers rioted and took more control of the government
• Hungarian students and workers protested and demanded the removal of communist party and government
• Khrushchex responded britaly sent troops and tanks to crush the revolution and killed hundreds

Hungarian and Suez Crisis raise cold war tensions

• American s and their allies were horrified by soviet brutality toward the Hungarians and egypts natialist of the Suez Canal
• They recognized china provoked hears about losing oil supplies

Identify

• John Foster Dulles
  • Diplomat who helped organize the united nation
  • He supported endorse president’s view on the US role in the world
• Massive retaliation
  • The US would respond to communism with overwhelming force maybe even nuclear
• Nikita Khrushchev
  • Replace Stalin as leader when he died
  • He world for peaceful coexistence
• Nationalized
  • When the government take control
• Eisenhower doctrine
  • Stated that the S would use force to help any nation threatened by communism
• CIA
  • Aided in protection American interest abroad
• NASA
  • Coordinate the space related effort of space and military

America expected form the economy after the war

• ,amy expected a downturn and loss of jobs
  • Why do you think people believed this to be true
  • Thats what happened after WW1
  • Production was going to be reduced
  • The soldiers needed jobs
  • Why did the economy not take a downturn

Government help soldiers

• They established the G.I bill
  • Provided unemployment for a year
  • Provided financial aid to attend college
  • Loan to start building homes and start business
• Impact on society

Subsidizing Prosperity

• The federal government helped subsidize this prosperity by providing loans for homes and assisting the growth of suburbs?
• One of the first planned communities was built by William Levitt and encompassed 17,000 homes, without a single African-American resident.
• The federal government:
  • paid for veterans' college education;
  • built an interstate highway system; and following Russian launch of a satellite, spent millions on education
  • NASA

How did businesses change in the 1950’s

• People found jobs in the service sector
  • Business that provided services Healthcare, law, retail, banking and insurance
• Information industry grew
  • People who built and worked on the first computer ENIAC
  • What were computers first used for
• Franchises and multinational companies
  • Allowed businesses to sell its product or retail through

Advantages and disadvantages of Highway System

• Advantages
  • Suburban growth
  • Increase in the travel and vacation industry
• Disadvantages
  • City business loss of customers
  • Increased traffic jams and smog

Educational changes

• More americans finished highschool
• Federal government increased funding for education
• It became more accessible to ordinary citizens when states built new universities and expanded old public education

The expansion of higher education

• The postwar baby boom was paralleled by a tremendous expansion of higher education assisted by extensive federal aid
• Colleges accepted the values of corporate culture with 20 percent of all graduates majoring in business

Growth of the middle class

• G I bill
  • Housing loan
• Expansion of industry
  • How did it change?
  • Transforming into a service industry from an industrial industry
• Automobile and highway system
• Movement to the sunbelt

The Eisenghower Presidency

• President Dwight D. Eisenhower inspired confidence and adopted a middle-of-the-road style
• He ran the government in a businesslike, cooperative manner, pursuing policies that helped private companies and allowing practices that harmed the environment
• He also rejected calls from conservatives to dismantle the welfare state
• Although his presidency included two brief recessions, he presided over an extensive increase in real wages

Federal spending increase under eisenhower

• He did not repeal New Deal program, like social security, minimum wage
• He also introduced some large programs:
  • Interstate highway system
  • Spent federal dollars for education to train more scientists

Cities and rural decline and Gov. response

• Cities decline
  • Middle class moved to the suburbs
  • Importance
  • Lose tax base
  • Lost representation
  • Affected infrastructure - garbage pickup and sanitation
• Rural decline
• Farmer were being taken over by companies and corporations
• Many people left in the behind
• Government response:
  • Urban renewal
  • Cleat old housing and built new to try to revitalize the area

Consumer spending increases

• Median family income
  • How much did it increase?
  • 2400
• New ways to encourage people to buy on credit
• Diner card established the first credit card
• People thought washing machines and refrigerators
• How did these inconveniences impact society?
  • Made things easier and more efficient
  • Still expected the wives to watch after the children
  • Grew businesses of consumer goods

Consumer spending increases

• Median family income increased
• How much did it increase?
• 4,400 by 1955
• New ways to encourage people to buy on credit
• Diner card established the first credit card
• People bought washing machine and refrigerators
• How did these connivances' impact society?

Family resolves around children

• Families spent large sums of money on children
• Experts strongly suggested to indulge children's needs
• Women were encouraged to stay home and raise children and take care of the house

T.V. reflects and reinforces the ideals of the nuclear family

• Tv shows often portrayed idealized family living in the 50’s

Rock n Roll

• When african american move north and brought their music
• White performers who played music influence by rhythm and blue had a great following
• Most popular singer of the 50s

Identify

• Consumerism
  • Buying as much as a person can usually buy on credit
• Benjamin Spock
  • Wrote the common sense book of baby and child
• Why was this a best seller?
  • Because the people were moving out of the suburbs and they needed suggestions from family
• Beatnik
  • Writers who were against conformity
  • Demonstrated dislike by dressing sloppy and colorful jargon

Organized labor and the AFL-CIO

• In the mid-1950s, trade unions reached a peak of membership and influence, especially in the democratic party
• The merger of the AFL and the CIO marked the zenith of the union
• Total membership numbers declined after 1955 but new inroads were made in the public sector

Problems minorities experienced in the 50s

• Puerto Ricans
  • Were cluster together in small poop housing in the north
  • They faced emplotment discrimination
  • Why did this happen
  • Lack of public influence and speak the language
• Mexicans
  • Cheated by their employers
  • Children and adults worked alongside in poor housing conditions
  • Why would they not protest?
  • They were threatened with deportation
  • One senator referred to them as legal slavery
  • Who organized the Mexican farmer union?
  • Ernesto Galarza
• African americans
  • Faced employment and housing discrimination
• Native americans
  • Termination policy - end tribal government and government responsibility of health and welfare americans, move them to the nation’s cities
• Why was this proposed?
  • It would free the native americans to assimilate into society
• Why did it not happen?
  • They did not trust the government to help them

The red scare was mainly a reaction to the expansion of communism overseas. ‘Discuss this view.’

• The impact of the disintegration of the war time alliance with the expansion of Stalin's power in Eastern Europe seems to contravene the commitment to democracy at Yalta.
• The Salami tactics which led to Communist domination in the East and the
• Coup in Czechoslovakia alienated many in the US originating from
• Eastern Europe and confirmed fears of Communism which went back to the 1917 Revolution.
• The establishment of the Communist regime in China and the Korean War seemed to confirm fears of a worldwide Communist conspiracy.
• However, there were obvious roots in domestic issues.
• These could be seen as an ideological clash going back to the post World War One period with fears of foreign spies and infiltration.
• The backlash to the New Deal era of growing state power and the desire of the Republicans to have a clear domestic issue to combat the Democrats after the disappointment of the 1948 presidential election.
• There were also social tensions as a liberal elite was resented and the revelations about leading figures such as Alger Hiss and fears that ordinary people were mainstream politicians.
• The Red Scare's deployment of terms like 'anti-American' fed off remnants of nativism and opposition to social and economic changes which found scapegoats in all sorts of supposed enemies in the world of politics and culture