Untitled Flashcards Set

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Free Association

Psychoanalytic technique where clients say whatever comes to mind.

Id

Immediate gratification of basic drives according to Freud.

Ego

Balances demands of the id, superego, and reality.

Superego

Represents internalized ideals and morality according to Freud.

Repression

Blocking anxiety-inducing memories.

Projection

Attributing your own impulses to others.

Displacement

Shifting impulses toward a safer outlet.

Reaction Formation

Expressing the opposite of your true feelings.

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

Storytelling based on ambiguous pictures.

Rorschach Test

Inkblot test for assessing inner feelings.

Humanistic Perspective

Emphasizes self-determination and personal growth.

Carl Rogers

Psychologist known for emphasizing genuine, accepting, empathic interactions that foster growth.

Criticism of Humanistic Perspective

Excessive individualism.

Traits

Characteristic patterns of behavior.

Big Five Personality Traits

Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness.

Reciprocal Determinism

Interaction of behavior, personal factors, and environment.

Locus of Control

Belief about whether outcomes are controlled by internal or external factors.

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating how much others notice us.

Self-Serving Bias

Attributing positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to external factors.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Motivation based on maintaining homeostasis.

Incentive Theory

Motivation driven by external rewards.

Optimum Arousal Theory

Motivation to seek excitement and stimulation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs.

Hypothalamus

Regulates hunger.

Ghrelin

Hormone that increases hunger.

Leptin

Hormone that decreases hunger.

James-Lange Theory

Emotion = Physical arousal first, then emotion.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion and physical arousal happen simultaneously.

Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer) Theory

Physical arousal + cognitive label = Emotion.

Cultural Influences on Emotion

Facial expressions are universal; gestures vary by culture.

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

Happy people are more likely to help others.

Relative Deprivation

Comparing yourself to others regarding satisfaction.

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

Judging experiences relative to past experiences.

Attribution Theory

Explains how individuals determine the causes of behavior.

Situational Attribution

Behavior influenced by environmental factors.

Fundamental Attribution Error

Underestimating situational influences on behavior.

Social Loafing

Reduced effort by individuals when working in a group.

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness in groups.

Bystander Effect

Reduced likelihood of helping others when in a group.

Prejudice

Negative attitude toward a group.

Stereotype

Generalized belief about a group.

Discrimination

Negative behavior directed at a group.

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Influence based on superficial cues.

Central Route to Persuasion

Careful analysis of information.

Mere Exposure Effect

Preference for familiar stimuli.

Cognitive Dissonance

The state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially relating to behavioral decisions.

Social Facilitation

Improvement in performance on tasks in the presence of others.

Groupthink

A phenomenon where the desire for harmony in a decision-making group leads to irrational or dysfunctional outcomes.

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Conformity

Changing one's behavior or beliefs to match those of others.

Normative Social Influence

Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

Information Social Influence

Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

Festinger's Theory of Cognitive Consistency

The need to maintain consistency among one's beliefs and behaviors.

Self-Perception Theory

The theory that people determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting the meaning of their own behavior.

Roles in Social Psychology

Expectations regarding how individuals in specific positions should behave.