World History - Industrial Revolution Notes

Enclosure

process of taking over and consolidating lands formerly shared by peasant farmers  

Capital

money used to invest in enterprises

Enterprise

is a business organization in a specific area 

Entrepreneur

someone who manages and assumes the financial risks of starting new businesses

Eli Whitney

creator of the cotton gin 

James Watt

created the Watt engine which was a revolutionary steam engine which powered machines like steam ships

Urbanization

movement of people to cities 

Tenement

multistory buildings divided into apartments 

Labor Union

organizations of workers who bargained for better pay and working conditions 

Laissez-Faire Economics 

allowing businesses to operate with little or no government interference 

Adam Smith

asserted that a fair market would benefit the rich and poor 

Thomas Malthus

predicted that poverty was unavoidable because the population was increasing faster than food supply 

Socialism

people as a whole should own and operate the means of production 

Utopia

an ideal society 

Karl Marx

philosopher who created the economic system of communism 

Communism

Society without any social classes in which all property is publicly owned. Later became a corrupt authoritarian system anywhere it was practiced 

Proletariat

working class

Henry Bessemer

developed a new process for making steel from iron 

Tomas Edison

made the first electric lightbulb 

Assembly Line

machine that moves along a belt where workers add parts to a product from one station to the next 

Orville and Wilbur Wright

invented and flew the first motor-operated airplane 

Gugliemo Marconi

invented the radio

Stock

share in a company

Cult of Domesticity

idealization of women and the home supported by popular books, magazines, and songs at the time

Temperance Movement

campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages

Sojourner Truth

abolitionist and suffragist who wrote a speech about the lack of unity among the women’s suffrage movement 

Suffrage

right to vote

Prohibition

banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol 

18th Amendment

Prohibition amendment 

19th Amendment

granted women the right to vote 

21st Amendment

overturned prohibition 

Seneca Falls Convention

group of women and some men gathered in New York to discuss women’s rights 

Declaration of Sentiments

document created during the Seneca Falls Convention similar to the Declaration of Independence. Advocated for equal citizenship of women

What is the industrial revolution?

In the 1700s, there was an increase in production brought about by the use of machines and characterized by the use of new energy sources. 

How did the agriculture production increase?

Dutch inventions made better use of land and increased crop yields. 

How did the agricultural revolution assist in the development of the Industrial Revolution?

A shift in the labor force was a factor in industrialization. Small farm workers migrated to cities working in factories tending to the machines of the Industrial Revolution. 

What were 3 reasons for the population explosion from 1700-1800?

Agricultural revolution reduced risk of famine, better sanitation, and revolutionary medicine 

Describe 3 reasons why the Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain?

Natural resources, geography, and social conditions like increased capital and entrepreneurs 

Discuss what life was like in the early industrial cities. 

Workers crowded into factory towns endured dangerous working conditions, unsanitary and overcrowded housing, and unrelenting poverty. 

Discuss what life was like working in factories and coal mines. 

In factories, workers worked in dangerous conditions for long hours with low wages. Exhausted workers could potentially be injured or lose their life from hazards. Coal mine conditions include dangers of explosion, flooding, and collapsing tunnels. 

Explain the benefits and challenges of industrialization based on the Urbanization Game.

__**Benefits:**__ increased productivity, new enterprise, advancements in technology and medicine, better infrastructure like bridges, tenements, etc 

__**Challenges:**__ classism, poor working conditions, increased alcoholism, pollution, unsanitary living conditions

Describe the growth of industrial cities and the emergence of new social classes. 

The Industrial Revolution brought on the emergence of a new social class as opposed to the rich versus the poor. Industrialization created a middle class of professionals like doctors, lawyers, and teachers. 

What are labor unions? How did the Industrial Revolution increase awareness of worker’s rights?

Labor unions are organizations of workers who bargain for better pay and working conditions. Protesting workers called luddites protested new technology which replaced their jobs by destroying factories. 

Explain laissez faire economics in regards to the emergence of the free enterprise system. 

Laissez faire economics believed that the government should not interfere in the free operation of the economy. The free market system inspired how current economies function today like the United States. 

Explain Adam Smith’s philosophy on the government's role in society. 

Adam Smith believed that the government should play a limited role in economic affairs. He believed that a free market system would benefit all social classes and encourage more enterprise or business. 

What is Thomas Malthus’s theory on population? What does he think the government should do about population growth?

Thomas Malthus warned the dangers of population growth due to the Earth’s finite resources. He thought the only checks on population growth were “natural” methods like war, disease, and famine. 

Discuss what Karl Marx thinks is going to happen between the “haves” and the “have-nots.” Was he correct in his theory? Explain. 

The haves had always owned the means of production and controlled all the wealth. The haves were the bourgeoisie. The have-nots were the proletariat or the working class. He believed there would be a constant struggle between the haves and the have nots. However, the proletariat will be victorious. 

Describe the impact of new technology on industry, transportation, and communication. 

During the second industrial revolution, the pace of change quickened as companies hired professional scientists and engineers to create new products and machinery. 

Explain what contributed to the rise of “big business” during the late 1800s. 

Big business refers to an establishment run by entrepreneurs who finance, manufacture and distribute goods and services on a large scale. As time passed, big businesses controlled entire industries. 

How did the industrial revolution contribute to social reform such as temperance societies and women’s suffrage movement?

The industrial revolution slowly changed the social structure of society. Women were essentially second class citizens embodied by ideals such as the cult of domesticity. This contributed to women fighting for equality in marriage, divorce, property laws, and equal citizenship. 

How did prohibition impact employment, political corruption, and organized crime?

Prohibition increased unemployment because businesses that sold alcohol went out of business. Police officers and government officials took part in the selling and consumption of alcohol. Organized crime groups also took part in the manufacture and distribution of alcohol. 

Explain the lack of unity throughout the women’s suffrage movement which ultimately led to women of color being denied the right to vote until 1965. 

There was a lack of unity among the women’s suffrage movement because white suffragists changed their stance on women’s rights as a gender issue only. Women of color like Sojourner Truth continued to advocate for their rights as women of color. However, women of color were not allowed to vote according to the 19th amendment.