Bill Nye’s Global Meltdown

• Why is Florida more susceptible to climate change and why are the oceans rising

• Florida is more vulnerable to climate change because it is surrounded by rising seawater, as the world heats up causing the risk of flooding.

Factors That Affect Climate Change

• Difference between climate and weather

• climate- all the time & weather-day to day

• How orbit & ellipse affect the amount of solar radiation and seasons: intensity of that energy affects the temperature of the air-water and land on the planet; the amount varies with solar activity, the angle of tilt and also the orbit around the sun

• Orbit: (1 day) tilted toward sun warmer climate (summer) more solar radiation, away opposite (winter) Solstice are spring and Fall

changes slightly over 100,000 years due to the gravitational attraction of other planets, so the path around the sun changes slowly from being almost circular to elliptical, then back again.

• Eclipse: orbits more elliptical the planet gets more solar radiation, these differences affect the length and intensity of the seasons.  (can damage eyes)

• How winds, hydrosphere and moving continents affect climate

• WInd: movement of currents at the ocean surface is driven by winds blowing over water. Moving air energy is transferred to the surface of the water which causes the water to move. AS oceans absorb energy from the sun, movement of water results in the transfer of heat around the earth’s surface; affects precipitation through jet streams carrying warm water through stream, producing rain far away from origin

• Hydrosphere: ⅔ of earth’s surface; different forms like snow, ice and water. Since the oceans are like heat reservoirs, buffer temperature changes in the atmosphere. water has a large specific heat capacity which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius

• Oceans hold more heat than the atmosphere, the top 2.3 meters of the ocean holds the same heat as entire atmosphere

• Snow & ice reflect heat from the Sun back into the atmosphere.(albedo)

• Moving Continents:

• Tectonic plates pieces of Earth’s lithosphere; move around on a slowly flowing underlying rock layer (the asthenosphere). Plates Movement results in the formation of new continental land masses, oceans, and mountain ranges (changes latitudes on Earth).  Changes greatly affects heat transfer, wind patterns, precipitation, and ocean currents.

• Anthropogenic Effect and Volcanic Eruptions (also tied in with Hawaii video – advantages/disadvantages of living close to a volcano)

• Volcano

• Pros: Volcanic eruptions spew ash and other particles into the atmosphere (aerosols) reflects solar radiation (net cooling of Earth),find gold,sliver, diamonds near, fertilize soil, geothermal energy

• Cons: large amounts of greenhouse gases (such as CO2) to atmosphere, (increase global temperatures & warming), dealdy, ash pollute rivers, cause tsunamis,

• (Anthropogenic) Human activities:  burning of fossil fuels, partially contributing to climate change.

• emission of massive amounts of greenhouse gases into atmosphere

Climate Graph pic

• temperature range: red line zig-zag (read from the right side in degrees celsius)

• Precipitation: blue bars, mm(left side typically a larger number)

CLIMATE ZONES AND BIOMES

• Tropical Zone (23° 26´S) (23°26´N): exists between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer, straddling the equator. Here, the temperature is relatively warm and varies little throughout the year.

  Temperate zone

• North temperate zone (66°33´N)

• South temperate zone (66°33´S)

• Polar zone (0°S) (0°N)

• Definition of a Biome

• ¨The largest division of the biosphere: large regions with biotic and abiotic(rocks, water and sun factors) components.¨

• Similarities exist because every type of plant requires specific temperature and precipitation amounts to grow, which arise because of the climate in specific regions

• Locate and describe 3 of the 7 biomes in CANADA

1. Boreal Forest - Northern Canada

• Only 2 seasons

• temperatures are below freezing for six months per year

• precipitation is between 30cm and 85cm, much of it is falling snow

2. Temperate Deciduous Forest - Eastern Canada

• rich soils

• 4 seasons, wild moon

• in winter soil freezes in designs trees

• Maple oak and birch are typical trees in this forest

• The temperature range is -30 degrees in winter to 30 degrees in summer

3. Temperate rain Forest - Coastal British Columbia

• different layers of soil depending on forest elevation

• the climate produces very tall trees like - Sitka spruce and douglas fir

• the average temperature is 5 degrees celsius to 25 degrees celsius

• more than 200cm of precipitation

• Chile, Newzealand, Pacific North West

4. Desert - Southern British Columbia

• It forms the northern end of the Great Basin desert of the western United States

• dry moistureless place - no precipitation

• strong winds, very cold and dry

• 100 degrees day to cold at night

• rain is less than 25cm annually

• plants have sprint leaves to conserve water and grow deep plants

KOPPEN CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM (NO LOCATE ON MAP)

• Description. How does it differ from the other classification methods?

• the vegetation-based climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Koppen. system defies climatic boundaries so they match first developed in 1900.

• What category differs from the rest and why: 5 DIFF types A, B, C, D & E. Each climate except B is defined by temperature (B is dryness rather than coldness)

• A -Tropical Moist Climate: all month average above 18C. Annual precipitation: +1,500 mm There are maybe no dry season or a short dry season

• B- Dry Climate: temperature is range from up to 40C in summer to -40C in winter. Precipitation is low during most of the year and is exceeded by potential evaporation and transpiration

• C- Moist mid-latitude climate with mild winters: Warm to hot summers. The average temp of the coldest month is above -3C.

• D- moist mid-latitude climate: Warm to coll cummers: Average temp of the coldest month is below -3C.

• E- Polar climate: Cool summers and extremely cold winters. The average temp of the warmest month is below 10C.

TERRESTRIAL ECOZONES OF CANADA

Description: ecozone is an area of the earth which is developed over a long period of time and is separated from other zones by a geological feature such as an ocean desert or mountain. Within each eco zone are smaller subdivisions called ecoregions(867 in the world) which are identified more locally by landform.

given a list, identify which ecozone has been highlighted on the map. It will be an easy one 😊PIC

GLOBAL WARMING AND THE SEA

• Effects of global warming on sea levels and acidity and how does this affect animal life and human activities

• Global warming has most likely led to rising sea levels( some of it may be due to natural fluctuations) This happens because of Greenland and Antarctic melting

• Due to this habitats of animals are threatened (like polar bears) and the livelihoods of those communities are threatened as well.

• As sea levels rise, ocean acidity also increases because carbon dioxide is being absorbed. (which forms carbon dioxide)

• When pH decreases, corals and other shellfish struggling making their hand skeleton/shells. Fish and plankton also struggle to reproduce

THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT

• main GHGs, what part of solar energy do they absorb.: C02, CH4(methane), CFCs, NO2 (nitrous oxide,) and water vapour; absorb the solar radiation in which kicks out the O3.

GHGs:

BOTH: forest fires, CO2, N2O, CH4 (fossil fuels)

• positive feedback loop for H2O, and why difficult to control: water vapour stays in the atmosphere for the least amount of time unlike my day and carbon dioxide which takes you centuries to leave the water is a necessity for us and life and using agriculture and is difficult to control to precipitation and evaporation.

CFCs

• Source, effect as a GHG and how they form the ‘ozone hole’

• can deplete the ozone layer when they slowly rise into the atmosphere, are broken down by strong ultraviolet radiation, release chlorine atoms, and then react with ozone molecules (kick out 1 03) forming 02 and other ) Paris with other forming weaker ozone

• Dates and goals of the Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol

• adopted in 1985 and entered into force on 22 September 1988 to protect the global one layer

• Montreal Protocol L  1989: Ozone layer to reduce the production of consumption

• Where the ozone hole is located, and the effects of its depletion

• Montreal Protocol On substances that deplete the ozone layer (1989) was designed to reduce the production of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth’s fragile ozone layer

WAYS TO REDUCE GHG PRODUCTION

• Conserve Electricity

• walk

• use public transport

• turn of lights and TVs

• Adjust Thermostat

• try to use less heating and cooling

• improve insulation and lower thermostat

• Reduce/Recycle

• Reuse

CARBON CYCLE

Source (transferred)

• fossil fuel burning

• respiration

• deforestation

• evaporation

  Sink (stored)

• photosynthesis

• rainfall

• fossil fuels

• plants and animals

• rivers

• surface ocean

• intermediate deep ocean

  None (sink or source)

• Atmosphere

  Both (sink and source

• Rocks

NITROGEN CYCLE

• Two forms of nitrogen fixation Addition of fertilizers to the land which ends up in waterways which causes eutrophication emission of nitric oxides to form nitric acid (acid rain)

• Lightning fixation

• Bacteria fixation

• NO 3- or NH4

• agriculture excessive amount id waterways create algal bloom, resulting in dead zones (aquatic life death zone) source of HGHC o fossil fuels emissions

ICE CORES

• What are they?: a cylinder of ice drilled out of an ice sheet or glacier

• **How are they useful? -**to study regional climate variability and compare and differentiate that variability from global climate signals. The ice cores, hold a record of what our planet was like hundreds of thousands of years ago

• What progress has been made? How is this progress helpful? : the increase of temp shown in the cross demonstrates the global warming and rapidity of the heat towards the earth; brings awareness

• Identify what can be inferred given the physical characteristics and composition of ice cores

• Dissolved & Particulate matter in ice: Dust, ashes, salts, plant pollen and other matter have given clues about volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, forest fires and vegetation cover

• Physical characteristics:  Snowflakes, hail, glaciers, and pack ice indicates conditions of temperature and humidity(tell temp was)

• Composition of trapped air bubbles: Provide time capsules of atmospheric conditions

• COmposition of the ice: Isotopes present in polar ice indicate the global temperature at the time foo formation Oxygen-18 ‘heavy oxygen,’ water freezes at higer temperature

• higer temp: higher % vice versa

CARBON RUSH VIDEO

Long answer question. Tie in everything you’ve learned in this unit. Looking for key terms. Familiarize yourself with the carbon credit and carbon offset program, its (economical and environmental) advantages and disadvantages. Provide specific UN projects from the video (Scotland, Brazil, India). Must be written in sentence form.

• 300 billion dollars of transaction world wide from carbon credit and carbon offset market and there are currently over five thousand projects registered in the Unite Nations carbon market

• massive trading invitation ar their for solution

• due to rising levels created a carbon market in which like stick market is made to control pollution

• company C let 4 acts each and a certain peppermint in which they can transfer it taxes to send to companies other company going ahead, howeer goes above go to company offset where companies invest in a green act withing country which allows to break contract

• Kyoto protocool will likely expeoru in which carbin tradition would be accepte in the Carbon popilcy for the enst decade

• climate change is happening, needs a immiediant shift

• polluting company in buying credits in offset project to compustate the projects; has devastating impacts on local vommunites and homes

• Scotland has a couple company that do so

• agriculture prodivd food space for both animals and humans which got destroyed; asking for justice

• Brzil:many companies can to 3rd world countries, Valerate project is offset project in whicdh use pig renewable energy to create efficient and the renewable energy is coming from their eucalyptus plantation (make steel to export to other countries)

• grows fruits which grows wells, however today water is not same in svannach the , threaten farm life (acid rain decrease in rain, drying lin climate) eucalyptus sucked up the water;

• can’t gather anything from forest as get fined, take leftover woom lyung around

• -used forest for medicine, land is infrtil so only grow some things

• go on patrol on which push people off traditional land for not taking materials;

• it helps improve images of other countries companies but not the country it is being produced in (Brazil)

• SWaCH cooperative Women: collect recyclables to sell: 1 kg is $0.25, government doesn’t need it: good pick up waste before alot of plastic waste now none

• recycling programs for recycles increase much more

• time cleaend waste managed project to handle wastel proudcu RDF to generate electricity (mainstream carbon credits)  200 tons per day

• Clean Development Mechasim: 10 eyar loan has 200,000 people in gibign them better equipment

• Clean Development Mechanism : extract paper and other stuff in claim rights of retlme ts

• Okla project will product 9 times; sale of 32 million dollars alone

• 1000wewwinde energy generators ovwen by tata and etc y United NAtion Project \tribe are uneducated which are blackmailed,, make farms gone nand don't allow cows to graze

• most countries don't have AC which 2rd world countries have to make sacrifices (especially hotter climates)