Unit 7 AP Psychology

motivation

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Intrinsic motivation

Motivation from internal factors

Extrinsic motivation

Motivation from external factors

sexual motivation

the normal human interest in sexual objects & activities, where sex is theorized to be a desire than a need

achievement motivation

the need for achievements drives accomplishments & performance

grit

in psychology, passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

overjustification effect

occurs when the introduction of an extrinsic reward weakens the strong intrinsic motivation that was the key to the person's original high performance.

incentive theory

pulled into action by outside incentives

emotion

body & mind’s response to a stimulus

display rule

social groups/cultures’ informal norm about appropiately expressing emotions

6 main emotions

happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise

3 main motivators

sex, hunger, need to belong

polygraph

a machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Self-actualization

The process by which people achieve their full potential

self-transcendence

according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self.

Optimal arousal theory

Organisms are motivated to achieve and maintain an ideal (optimal) state

Yerkes-Dodson Law

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Evolutionary perspective theory / instinct theory

We are motivated by natural instincts

hypothalamus

Create the biological feeling of hunger, synthesizing & discreting hormones (monitors blood chemistry & respond to low level

Lateral Hypothalamus

cause feeling of hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

cause feeling of full

set point

the point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight.

basal metabolic rate

the body’s resting rate of energy output.

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

refractory period

in human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm.

affiliation need

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.

ostracism

deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

bulimia

an eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of binge eating (i.e., discrete periods of uncontrolled consumption of abnormally large quantities of food) followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g., self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, fasting, excessive exercise).

Anorexia Nervosa

A disorder characterized by a strong desire to lose weight, a low BMI, and habitually restrictive eating

Common-sense theory

first you feel the emotion, and then the physiological response

(Emotion -> Physiological response)

James-Lange Theory

Emotional reactions RESULT in physical reactions

(Physiological Response -> Emotion)

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotional reactions and corresponding physical reactions happen simultaneously; believed that the body's responses are too similar to be two separate things

(Physiological Response + Emotion)

Schachter-Singer Theory //

two-factor theory

one senses physiological arousal, one does a cognitive appraisal by scanning their environment in order to determine the emotion that one is feeling

(Physiological Response + Thoughts = Emotion)

Joseph LeDoux’s theory

believed that emotions take a "low road" which is a neural shortcut that bypasses the cortex, enabling quick emotional responses before conscious understanding.

facial feedback hypothesis

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings. For example, smiling activates muscles that directly trigger the feeling of happiness.

behavior feedback effect

the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions.

tend-and-befriend response

under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend).

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine.

psychoneuroimmunology

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. (Type A more likely to get this)

catharsis

in psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

Humanistic theory of motavation

We are motivated by our need to belong

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood.

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

Drive reduction theory of motivation

Organisms are motivated to reduce a state of arousal caused by a physiological need (drive)

Approach-approach conflicts in motivation

Conflicts in which you must decide between desirable options

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts in motivation

Conflicts in which you must decide between undesirable options

Approach-avoidance conflicts in motivation

Conflicts in which you must decide between options with both desirable and undesirable features

multiple approach-avoidance conflict in motivation

describes the internal mental debate (sometimes called a conflict) that weighs the pros and cons of differing situations that have both good and bad elements.

Arousal

A heightened state

Focus of psychoanalytic perspective of personality

Childhood experiences and the unconscious mind

Psychoanalytic perspective theorists

Sigmund Freud and Alfred Alder

Sigmund Freud's focus on personality

Childhood events, the unconscious, and instincts

Alfred Alder's focus on personality

The need for superiority, which stems from feelings of inferiority

Personality

Individual differences in patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Freud's three parts of personality

id, ego, superego

Id

The instinctive part of personality that focuses on instant gratification and pleasure

Ego

The "self" or "reality" part of personality; the decision-maker and peace-keeper

Superego

The moral part of personality

Defense mechanism

A mental deception used to avoid conscious conflict or anxiety

Why Freud said people resort to defense mechanisms

The Ego's job is difficult balancing the Id and the Superego

The 5 defense mechanisms

denial

displacement

projection

rationalization

reaction formation

regression

repression

transmutation

Repression (defense mechanism)

A person forgets experience (pushes it into the unconscious)

Denial (defense mechanism)

A person refuses to believe painful realities

Projection (defense mechanism)

A person "projects" their own thoughts and feelings onto someone else

Regression (defense mechanism)

A person goes back to an earlier or less mature state or behavior

Displacement (defense mechanism)

A person redirects or "places" their feelings onto a person or object.

Rationalization

when someone decides or comes up with a seemingly logical explanation to justify an event and avoid the true explanation

sublimation

Rechanneling emotions into a socially acceptable activity

reaction formation

when someone expresses an exaggerated, opposite version of how they actually feel

Intellectualization

Obtaining knowledge over something as a means of having a sense of control.

What did Alfred Alder say impacts personality?

Birth order

Alder birth order

• oldest: responsible, protective

• middle: ambitious & well adjusted

• youngest: spoiled

Alfred Adler

focused on the conscious role of the ego more than the unconscious. He believed that motivation comes from fear of failure, the inferiority complex, and the desire to achieve. He also thought about the superiority complex where people mask their fears of being inferior by acting superior.

The Big Five Personality Factors

Openness to experience

Conscientiousness

Extraversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

The Big Five Personality Factors creator

Robert McCrae & Paul Costa

Openness to experience

Being open-minded and like to try new things

Conscientiousness

Being responsible, dependable, self-disciplined, and organized

Extraversion

Being sociable, assertive, and lively

Agreeableness

Being is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting

Neuroticism

Being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody

Hans Eysenck

Suggested there are three dimensions of personality: psychoticism, extraversion-introversion, neuroticism-emotional stability

PEN model

Psychoticism, Extraversion-introversion, Neuroticism-emotional stability

Extroversion

A personality trait shared by people who are friendly, assertive, and outgoing with others

Introversion

A personality trait shared by quiet and reserved individuals

High in extroversion

Sociable, outgoing, easily connect with others (extrovert)

Extrovert

An outgoing person

Introvert

A person whose thoughts and interests are directed inward

High in introversion

Need to be alone, like to do things by themselves, limit their interactions with others (Introvert)

High in neuroticism

Anxious, insecure

High in stability

Laid-back, emotionally stable

High in psychoticism

Independent, mean, outsider, impulsive

Motivation

What drives people to do the things they do

personality psychology

the scientific study of a whole person

personality

an individual’s unique and relatively consistence patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

psychodynamic theories

theories that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Psychoanalytic theory

Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

unconscious

according to Sigmund Freud, it is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, including animalistic biological drives, instincts, and urges