Untitled Flashcards Set

Unit 4 Study Guide: Personality, Motivation & Emotion, Social Psychology

Personality

Key Definitions:

• Personality: An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. (Answer: D)

• Free Association: Psychoanalytic technique where clients say whatever comes to mind. (Answer: D)

• Id, Ego, Superego: Parts of the mind according to Freud.

  • Id: Immediate gratification of basic drives. (Answer: C)

  • Ego: Balances demands of the id, superego, and reality. (Answer: C for Hafez's decision)

  • Superego: Represents internalized ideals and morality. (Answer: D for Oprah’s guilt)

Defense Mechanisms:

• Repression: Blocking anxiety-inducing memories (Answer: C)

• Projection: Attributing your own impulses to others (Answer: B)

• Displacement: Shifting impulses toward a safer outlet (Answer: D)

• Reaction Formation: Expressing the opposite of your true feelings (Answer: D)

Personality Assessments:

• TAT (Thematic Apperception Test): Storytelling based on ambiguous pictures (Answer: B)

• Rorschach Test: Inkblot test for inner feelings

Humanistic Perspective:

• Emphasizes self-determination and personal growth (Answer: C)

• Carl Rogers: Genuine, accepting, empathic interactions foster growth (Answer: A)

• Criticism: Excessive individualism (Answer: E)

Trait Theory:

• Traits: Characteristic patterns of behavior (Answer: B)

• Big Five Personality Traits:

  • Emotional Stability

  • Extraversion

  • Openness (Answer: C for creativity)

  • Agreeableness

  • Conscientiousness (Answer: B for disorganized)

Social-Cognitive Perspective:

• Reciprocal Determinism: Interaction of behavior, personal factors, and environment (Answer: E)

• Locus of Control: External = Fate controlled by outside forces (Answer: B)

• Spotlight Effect: Overestimating how much others notice us (Answer: B)

• Self-Serving Bias: Attributing positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to external factors (Answer: B for Jacinda)

Motivation & Emotion

Motivation Concepts:

• Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivation based on maintaining homeostasis (Answer: D)

• Incentive Theory: Motivation driven by external rewards

• Optimum Arousal Theory: Motivated to seek excitement (Answer: Sensation-Seeking for Shawn)

• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs (Answer: Food and drink)

Biological Bases of Hunger:

• Hypothalamus regulates hunger (Answer: D)

• Ghrelin increases hunger; Leptin decreases hunger (Answer: C)

Emotion Theories:

• James-Lange: Emotion = Physical arousal first, then emotion (Answer: A)

• Cannon-Bard: Emotion and physical arousal happen simultaneously (Answer: C)

• Two-Factor (Schachter-Singer): Physical arousal + Cognitive label = Emotion (Answer: A for Vaseem)

Cultural Influences on Emotion:

• Facial expressions are universal

• Cultural differences in gestures (Answer: D)

Positive Psychology Concepts:

• Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon: Happy people are more helpful (Answer: C for Jordan babysitting)

• Relative Deprivation: Comparing yourself to others (Answer: B for test grade)

• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon: Judging experiences relative to past experiences

Social Psychology

Attribution Theory:

• Situational: Environment influences behavior (Answer: C)

• Fundamental Attribution Error: Underestimating situational influences

Conformity & Obedience:

• Asch's Conformity Study: People give wrong answers to fit in with the group

• Milgram's Obedience Study: People obey authority even when harming others

• More likely to disobey when someone else disobeys first (Answer: D)

Group Behavior:

• Social Loafing: Less effort in groups (Answer: C)

• Deindividuation: Loss of self-awareness in groups (Answer: C for Lambert fans)

• Bystander Effect: Less likely to help when others are present (Answer: B)

Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination:

• Prejudice: Negative attitude (Answer: B)

• Stereotype: Generalized belief (Answer: C)

• Discrimination: Negative behavior (Answer: A)

Persuasion Routes:

• Peripheral Route: Superficial cues like catchy songs (Answer: A)

• Central Route: Careful analysis of information (Answer: C for job decision)

Mere Exposure Effect: Preference for familiar stimuli (Answer: D)

Pro Tips for Studying:

• Create flashcards for key terms and theories

• Practice with scenario-based questions

• Review defense mechanisms and match them to examples

• Sketch Maslow’s pyramid to visualize the hierarchy

• Use mnemonic devices like OCEAN for Big Five traits

You've got this! 🌊✨