AP World History Review

AP World History Units 1-5 Review

Unit 1: Global Tapestry

Big Idea 1: Song China

• Six big ideas in Unit 1.

• Song China maintained rule through Confucianism and imperial bureaucracy.

• Buddhism shaped Chinese society.

• The Song economy flourished.

• State building focused on continuities and changes from previous dynasties.

• Confucianism: A hierarchical philosophical understanding.

  • Originated during the Zhou Dynasty but was revived and expanded during the Song Dynasty.

  • Continuity from the Tang dynasty.

  • Revival during the Song dynasty.

  • Expansion of civil service examination. This exam allowed for social mobility and the selection of government officials based on merit rather than birth.

  • Led to order, stability, and meritocracy within Chinese society.

• Imperial Bureaucracy: Appointed officials carrying out empire policies. These officials were educated in Confucian ideals and were responsible for implementing and enforcing government policies at all levels of society.

  • Continuity but expanded by the Song dynasty. The Song dynasty significantly expanded the imperial bureaucracy, increasing the number of officials and their influence on governance.

  • Consolidated power and rule. By relying on a centralized bureaucracy, the Song emperors were able to maintain control over vast territories and diverse populations.

• Buddhism: Influenced from India via Silk Roads.

  • Chan Buddhism: Chinese innovation melding Buddhism with Taoism. Chan Buddhism emphasized meditation and direct experience, appealing to many Chinese who sought spiritual enlightenment.

  • Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self. Focus on monastic life, most people too busy to get ride of all desire.

  • Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread

  • Spread from China to neighboring regions (cultural diffusion). Buddhism's spread to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam had a profound impact on the cultures of these regions.

• Song Economy: Flourished due to innovations.

  • Champa Rice: Introduced from Champa Kingdom (modern Vietnam). Champa rice was drought-resistant and allowed for multiple harvests per year, significantly increasing agricultural output.

  • Could be harvested more than once a year. This led to a surplus of food, supporting a larger population and economic growth.

  • Increased food supply. The increased food supply fueled urbanization and the growth of commercial activity.

  • Grand Canal: Internal waterway for transportation. The Grand Canal facilitated the movement of goods and people between northern and southern China, promoting trade and economic integration.

  • Enabled China to become a populous trading center. The Grand Canal connected major agricultural regions with urban centers, making China a hub of domestic and international trade.

  • Gunpowder

  • Invented during the Tang dynasty, refined and widely used during Song dynasty

  • Led to commercialization of the Song economy. The Song dynasty saw a shift towards a more market-oriented economy, with the growth of cities, specialized industries, and long-distance trade.

  • Invention of paper money

Big Idea 2: New Islamic Political Entities

• As Abbasid caliphate declined, new Islamic states emerged.

• Examples: Delhi Sultanate (Northern India), Mamluk Sultanate (Egypt).

• These states were Turkic, unlike the Arab or Persian Abbasids.

• They relied on similar practices to govern as the Abbasids.

• These states formed a cultural region known as Dar Al Islam. (Islamic World)

• Spread of Islam:

  • Military Expansion: Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate spread Islam through military conquest, but also through the efforts of Sufi missionaries.

  • Merchants: Revival of trade on Silk Roads. Muslim merchants played a key role in spreading Islam to new regions, particularly in Southeast Asia and West Africa.

  • Spread of Islam in West Africa. Islam spread peacefully through trade routes, leading to the establishment of Islamic centers of learning and commerce.

  • Created literate officials. Islamic education emphasized literacy and scholarship, producing a class of literate officials who served in the courts of Muslim rulers.

  • Helped rulers have religious legitimacy. By embracing Islam, rulers gained access to Islamic legal and administrative systems, enhancing their authority and legitimacy.

  • Sufi Movement: Mystical form of Islam that adapted to local cultures, facilitating spread. Sufis emphasized emotional connection with God and tolerance towards other faiths, making Islam more appealing to diverse populations.

• Intellectual Innovations and Transfers:

  • Mathematics: Algebra and trigonometry. Muslim scholars made significant advances in mathematics, including the development of algebra and trigonometry, which were later transmitted to Europe.

  • Literature. Islamic literature flourished during this period, producing works of poetry, prose, and historiography that influenced writers across the world.

  • Muslims in Spain translated Greek classics into Arabic, preserving them. This preservation allowed for the later rediscovery of these works by Europeans during the Renaissance.

  • Transferred Indian mathematics to Europeans. The transmission of Indian numerals and mathematical concepts to Europe had a profound impact on the development of European science and mathematics.

  • Adapted papermaking from China, later transferred to Europe, aiding the spread of ideas via the printing press. The adoption of papermaking from China revolutionized communication and learning in Europe, paving the way for the printing press and the spread of knowledge.

Big Idea 3: Influence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam in Asia

• South and Southeast Asia state building deeply influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.

• South Asia:

  • Delhi Sultanate in the north: Islamic state with a majority Hindu population. The Delhi Sultanate imposed Islamic rule on a predominantly Hindu population, leading to religious tensions and cultural exchange.

  • Hindus paid a tax called the jizya. The jizya was a tax imposed on non-Muslims as a form of religious discrimination and a source of revenue for the state.

  • Conversions for social mobility from lower to upper castes. Some Hindus converted to Islam in order to improve their social standing, as Islam offered opportunities for advancement regardless of caste.

  • Vijayanagara Empire in the south: Hindu kingdom. The Vijayanagara Empire emerged as a major Hindu power in southern India, resisting the expansion of the Delhi Sultanate.

  • Started by two brothers who converted to Islam, then back to Hinduism, to establish a rival empire. The story of the founding of the Vijayanagara Empire reflects the complex religious and political dynamics of the region.

• Southeast Asia:

  • Merchants introduced Hinduism and Buddhism, which became the basis for new kingdoms. The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia led to the development of unique syncretic cultures that blended Indian traditions with local beliefs and practices.

  • Srivijaya Empire (Hindu): Prospered by taxing ships using sea lanes. The Srivijaya Empire controlled key maritime trade routes in Southeast Asia, deriving wealth from taxing ships passing through its waters.

  • Majapahit Kingdom (Buddhist): Prospered by controlling sea routes. The Majapahit Kingdom was a major Buddhist power in Southeast Asia, known for its maritime power and cultural achievements.

Big Idea 4: Civilizations of the Americas

• Civilizations developed strong states, urban centers, and belief systems.

• Examples: Cahokia, Mexica, and Inca.

• Aztec Empire (Mexica people):

  • Continuity in state building with early American states, like the Maya. The Aztecs drew upon the traditions of earlier Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Maya and the Toltecs, in their state-building efforts.

  • Tenochtitlan: Magnificent capital city with ziggurats and marketplaces (population of 200,000). Tenochtitlan was one of the largest and most impressive cities in the world at the time, with a complex system of canals, dikes, and causeways.

  • Tribute system: Decentralized state (continuity from Maya) where local governors extracted tribute from conquered peoples. The Aztec tribute system allowed the Mexica to exert control over distant territories without directly administering them.

  • The Mexica could exercise political dominance over distant lands without being directly involved. This system enabled the Aztecs to maintain a vast empire with limited resources.

  • Practiced human sacrifice. Human sacrifice was a central feature of Aztec religion, believed to be necessary for maintaining cosmic balance and ensuring the continuation of the world.

Big Idea 5: African State Building

• Facilitated through trade networks and religion.

• Great Zimbabwe:

  • Prospered due to trade, agriculture, and gold deposits. Great Zimbabwe was a major trading center in southern Africa, known for its impressive stone architecture and its role in the Indian Ocean trade network.

  • Participated in the Indian Ocean Trade Network. Great Zimbabwe traded gold, ivory, and other goods with merchants from India, Arabia, and East Asia.

  • Merchants influenced the development of Swahili, a blend of Bantu and Arabic. The interaction between Bantu-speaking Africans and Arab traders led to the development of Swahili, a lingua franca that facilitated trade and communication throughout the region.

  • Capital city was Great Zimbabwe (20,000 people). Great Zimbabwe was a large and complex urban center, with a population estimated to have reached 20,000 at its peak.

• Ethiopia: Emerged in the twelfth century as a Christian kingdom.

  • Known for monumental stone churches. The rock-hewn churches of Lalibela are a testament to the enduring influence of Christianity in Ethiopia.

  • Ethiopian Christianity developed separately from Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions. Ethiopian Christianity developed unique theological and liturgical traditions, setting it apart from other Christian denominations.

Big Idea 6: State Building in Europe

• Characterized by religious belief, feudalism, and decentralized monarchies.

• Significant cultural continuity in Europe: the Roman Catholic Church. The Roman Catholic Church played a central role in European society, providing religious guidance, education, and social services and owning vast lands.

  • Universities and artists were typically men of the church. The Church was the primary patron of the arts and sciences, and many of the leading intellectuals and artists of the period were members of the clergy.

  • Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula until 1492 Reconquista. The Muslim presence in Spain had a profound impact on European culture, contributing to advances in mathematics, science, and the arts.

  • Small but influential Jewish population. Jewish communities played an important role in European commerce and intellectual life, despite facing persecution and discrimination.

• Decentralized Political Systems: Feudalism. Feudalism was a political and social system in which land was granted to vassals in exchange for military service and loyalty.

  • King granted land to lords (nobility) in exchange for tribute. The king was the ultimate owner of all land in the kingdom, but he granted large estates to powerful nobles in exchange for their support.

  • Lords hired knights to protect the land. Knights were professional warriors who provided military service to their lords in exchange for land and other rewards.

  • Peasants worked the land and provided produce to the lords. Peasants were the vast majority of the population, and they were bound to the land and obligated to provide labor and produce to their lords.

• Manorial System: Contained the whole village. The manorial system was an economic system in which peasants were tied to the land and obligated to provide labor and produce to their lords.

  • Peasants lived their entire lives without leaving the manor. The manorial system limited the mobility and opportunities of peasants, who were largely confined to the villages where they were born.

  • These peasants were called Serfs, they were kinda “similar” to slaves but were tied to the land rather than an owner

• Agriculture: Three-field system (crops rotated through three fields). The three-field system was an agricultural innovation that increased crop yields and improved soil fertility.

  • Increased food production, leading to a population explosion. The increased food production supported a larger population, leading to the growth of towns and cities.

• Big Big Idea: How did states across the world organize themselves

  • China: Confucianism, civil service exam, centralized power

  • Europe: Feudalism, manorialism, DEcentralized power

  • Middle East: Islamic caliphates, emphasis on trade and scholarship

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

Big Idea 1: Expansion of Exchange Networks

• Networks of exchange expanded geographically, increasing interactions between states.

• Focus on how states are connected during the period.

• Silk Roads: Traded luxury goods (silk) to elite markets. The Silk Roads were a network of trade routes that connected East Asia with Europe and the Middle East, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies.

  • Cities like Kashgar and Samarkand grew in prominence. These cities were strategically located along the Silk Roads, serving as important centers of trade and cultural exchange.

  • Innovations in transportation and commercial technologies:

  • Caravan Sarai: Inns and guesthouses along the road. Caravan Sarai provided shelter and supplies for merchants and travelers along the Silk Roads.

  • Yokes, saddles, and stirrups: Improved animal transportation. These innovations made it easier and more efficient to transport goods and people across long distances.

  • Money economies. The use of money facilitated trade and economic transactions along the Silk Roads.

  • New forms of credit, banking houses. These innovations made it easier for merchants to finance their trade ventures and manage their wealth.

• Indian Ocean Network: World's most significant sea-based trade network. The Indian Ocean trade network connected East Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, facilitating the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures.

  • Causes of growth: Desire for goods not found at home (Chinese porcelain, Indian cotton, spices). The demand for exotic goods fueled the growth of the Indian Ocean trade network.

  • Technological innovations: Latin sails, magnetic compass, astrolabe, new ship designs (Chinese junks, Arab dows). These innovations made it easier and safer to navigate the Indian Ocean and transport large quantities of goods.

  • Spread of Islam facilitated connections and friendly relations among Muslim traders. Islam provided a common cultural and legal framework that facilitated trade and cooperation among Muslim merchants.

  • Swahili city-states in Eastern Africa acted as brokers for goods. The Swahili city-states served as intermediaries between African producers and Asian and Middle Eastern merchants.

  • Sultanate of Malacca controlled the Strait of Malacca and grew wealthy. The Sultanate of Malacca controlled a strategic waterway, allowing it to tax trade passing through the region.

  • Effects of growth:

  • Establishment of diasporic communities (Arab, Persian, Chinese communities). These communities served as important links between their home countries and the regions where they settled.

  • Cultural and technological transfers. The Indian Ocean trade network facilitated the exchange of ideas, technologies, and artistic styles between different cultures.

  • Voyages of Zheng He during the Ming dynasty increased Chinese power and influence. Zheng He's voyages demonstrated China's maritime capabilities and expanded its trade and diplomatic relations.

• Trans-Saharan Trade: Connected North Africa and the Mediterranean with interior West Africa. The Trans-Saharan trade network facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and religious beliefs between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.

  • Transportation technology: Arabian camel and saddle. The Arabian camel was well-suited for traversing the harsh desert environment, and the saddle made it easier to ride and transport goods.

  • New empires rose in Africa (e.g., Mali) spurred on by trade. The Trans-Saharan trade network contributed to the rise of powerful empires in West Africa, such as Mali and Songhai.

  • Islam introduced to Mali, connecting them to Muslim merchants. Islam spread along the trade routes, leading to the conversion of many West African rulers and merchants.

  • Mansa Musa further monopolized trade, increasing the wealth of Mali. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca showcased the wealth and power of the Mali Empire and further integrated it into the Islamic world.

Big Idea 2: Cultural Diffusion

• A major effect of the growth of trading routes.

• Religious and Belief Systems: Buddhism entered China via Silk Road and changed into Chan Buddhism, then spread to Japan as Zen Buddhism.

  • Hinduism and Buddhism entered Southeast Asia through trade.

  • Islam spread throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia via trade and conquest.

  • Swahili blended Arabic and Bantu languages.

  • Timbuktu became an international center for Islamic education.

  • Islam made a significant impact in South Asia with the Delhi Sultanate.

• Scientific and Technological Innovations: Champa rice from Vietnam led to population explosion.

• Rise and fall of cities:

  • Samarkand and Kashgar became centers of Islamic scholarship along Silk Road routes.

  • Baghdad declined after the Mongol sacking.

• Travelers: Ibn Battuta traveled throughout Dar Al Islam and wrote detailed notes.

Big Idea 3: Environmental Consequences

• Increasing interconnection led to significant environmental consequences.

• Spread of crops and diseases along trade routes:

  • Bananas in Africa led to the rise of powerful chiefdoms and kingdoms.

  • Champa rice in East Asia led to population explosion.

  • Bubonic plague spread due to increasing connectivity.

Big Idea 4: The Mongols

• Created the largest land-based empire in history, facilitating interconnection across Afro-Eurasia.

• Facilitated trade by controlling the Silk Road network.

• Encouraged international trade and extracted wealth as commerce facilitators.

• Led to increased communication and cooperation across Eurasia.

  • Technological and cultural transfers: Mongol policy of sending skilled people to various parts of the empire encouraged transfer of technology, ideas, and culture.

  • Advances in astronomy and astronomical tools. Improved accuracy of calendars and astrolabes.

  • Helped facilitate more growth in Indian Ocean trade.

• Summury

  Causes of Increased Trade:

  1. Expansion of Trade Routes:

     • Growth of the Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan routes created extensive networks linking Afro-Eurasia.

     • The Mongol Empire unified much of Eurasia, providing security and stability that encouraged long-distance trade.

     • Development of caravanserais (rest stops, improved navigation tools (compass, astrolab, lanteen sails), and state-sponsored infrastructure supported trade.

  2. Technological and Agricultural Transfers:

     • Introduction of Champa rice from Vietnam to China supported population growth.

  3. Political Stability:

     • Empires like the Mongol Khanates, Delhi Sultanate, and other regional powers facilitated and protected trade routes.

  Effects of Increased Trade:

  Cultural and Religious Spread:

  • Buddhism spread from India to China via the Silk Road

  • Islam spread widely through both trade and conquest, influencing Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia (Delhi Sultanate), and Southeast Asia.

  • Hinduism and Buddhism also spread to Southeast Asia via maritime trade routes.

  • Trade fostered syncretism, like the Swahili language, blending Arabic and Bantu.

  Intellectual and Technological Exchange:

  • Mongols promoted the transfer of skilled workers, spreading ideas and innovations across the empire.

  • Advances in astronomy, astrolabes, and calendar accuracy helped improve navigation and science.

  Environmental and Biological Consequences:

  • The spread of crops like Champa rice and bananas boosted agricultural productivity and population growth.

  • The Bubonic plague spread via trade routes, decimating populations and altering societies.

Unit 3: Land-Based Empires

Big Idea 1: Expansion of Land-Based Empires

• Various land-based empires developed and expanded through the use of gunpowder.

• Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal, Qing.

• Ottoman Empire: Grew significantly due to gunpowder weapons.

  • Sacked Constantinople in 1453 and named it Istanbul.

  • Janissaries were enslaved Christians converted to Islam and trained in gunpowder weapons.

• Safavid Empire: Established in 1501 under Shah Ismail, making it a Shiite Islamic dynasty.

  • Shah Abbas built up the military, including gunpowder weapons.

  • Enslaved army of conquered Christians.

• Mughal Empire: Established in 1526 by Babur by displacing the Delhi Sultanate with gunpowder.

  • Akbar expanded Mughal rule and was tolerant of religious beliefs.

• Qing Dynasty: Established after the Ming dynasty, after the Mongol rule declined.

  • The Manchu people of the north raided China in 1636 to establish themselves as leaders.

Big Idea 2: Power and Control

• Rulers of land-based empires gained power and maintained control by establishing bureaucracies, sponsoring art, centralizing tax collection, and developing large militaries.

• Legitimizing Power: Methods used to convince people that the ruler is legitimate.

• Consolidating Power: Methods used to transfer power from other groups to a single ruler.

• Large bureaucracies helped legitimize the rule in each of the empires.

• To develop a military force:

  • The Ottomans used the devshirme system to staff imperial bureaucracy.

  • In Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate, samurai were put on government payroll and became bureaucrats.

• Religious Ideas, Art, and Monumental Architecture as proof.

  • European monarchs claimed to rule by divine right.

  • Louis XIV of France built the Palace of Versailles to control the nobility.

  • Aztecs: Human sacrifice rituals displayed wealth and legitimized power.

  • Inca Empire: Sun Temple at Cusco legitimized authority through architecture and gold.

  • Qing Dynasty: Emperor Kangxi used portraits to display Confucian wisdom.

• Tax Collection Systems:

  • Mughal Empire: Zamindar system, where elite landowners taxed peasants.

  • Ottoman Empire: Tax farming, where the right to tax was sold to the highest bidder.

Big Idea 3: Belief Systems

• Belief systems played different roles in and among land-based empires.

• In some cases, shared beliefs bound people together, but in others, conflicting beliefs caused conflict.

• Belief Systems in Europe:

  • Christianity was a shared cultural belief.

  • Protestant Reformation caused a fundamental breakdown of unity in the 16th Century.

  • Martin Luther denounced the corruption of the Catholic Church in his 95 theses.

  • Led to a split between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

  • Religious division intensified political division, causing a series of wars until 1648.

• Council of Trent - addressed concerns of the Protestants, and re-affirmed the ancient doctrine of salvation, authority, nature of biblical authority, making the Catholic/Protestant split permanent.

• Sunni Shia Split: Intensified in Islam, conflicting between the Ottoman and Safavid Empires.

• Syncretism: The interaction of different peoples produced new belief systems.

  • Sikhism in South Asia: A syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines.

• Summary:

  • Methods of Expansion

    • Gunpowder Empires

      • Used superior technology (gunpowder)

    • Spain and Portugal

      • Spain and Portugal - Created trading post empires

  • Administrative Systems

    • Ottomans

      • Devshirme system (Janissaries)

      • Tax Farming

    • Mughals

      • Zamindars (Letting nobles tax peasants for part of the money

    • Qing Dynasty

      • Civil Service exam

      • Manchu Elite vs han majoirty

    • Europe

      • Absolutism

      • Royal Tax Collectors

  • Religion

    • Safavids - Shia Islam

    • Ottomans - Sunni Islam, claim to be caliphate

    • Mughals - Sunni but tolerant under Akbar, changes under aurangzeb

    • Europe - Christian, divine right (HRE)

Unit 4: Maritime Empires

Big Idea 1: Maritime Technology

• New and updated maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and the development of sea-based empires.

• Borrowed and Updated Knowledge:

  • Europeans borrowed technologies from classical, Islamic, and Asian worlds (astrolabe, magnetic compass, Latin sail).

  • Innovations in ship design: Caravelle (Portuguese), Dutch Flout.

Big Idea 2: European Exploration

• European state-sponsored exploration led to a rapid expansion of trade and transatlantic contact with the Americas.

• Motivations: Wealth-building, spreading Christianity, competition (Gold, God, and Glory.)

• The first mover in the maritime game was the Portuguese establishing post-empire all around Africa and into the Indian Ocean.

• The goal was a complete monopoly over the spice trade.

• The Spanish (monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella) decided to sponsor Christopher Columbus, and Columbus sought a new water route to Asia.

Big Idea 3: The Columbian Exchange

• The Columbian Exchange was a transfer of animals, foods, and diseases from Europe to the Americas and vice versa.

• As a result of new contact, Europeans sought to colonize the Americas.

• You must understand the foods transferred between the New World and Old World, between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas, animals, people, and diseases.

  • Potatoes and maize from the Americas into Europe; wheat and rice from Europe into the Americas.

• Spread of disease; devastation of indigenous populations with smallpox.

• When the Portuguese earned so much money, they turned to forced labor in these cash crops and their demand for enslaved labor from Africa increased.

• The Portuguese colonized Brazil and it’s neighbors sought to do the same thing.

Big Idea 4: European States Establish Empires

• European states established empires, fueled by economic policy and coerced labor systems.

• Africans perceived Portuguese as intruders as the Portuguese established their trading post empire around Africa.

• Other maritime empires growing: The British and Spanish Empires.

  • The British were able to take over India and exert strong political influence.

  • When Spain came into the Americas, they met the Aztec and Inca empires, who eventually collapsed when the Spanish attacked due to diseases that the Europeans carried.

• There happened to be a division of land between the colonial powers with a diplomatic resolution, mainly Spain and Portugal.

• When the Spanish came, their most significant wealth had lain in agriculture. And they organized all the colonial economies based on that: the encomienda system and the hacienda system.

• They transformed the Mita system into a system of coerced labor villages to work in silver mines.

• The big part of colonization comes back to mercantilism to try to enrich the homeland; The Europeans try to mine as much silver in order to enrich themselves.

• The century sparked a rapid decline in some African states. But the societies also shaped by enriching, languages and culture of food, religious beliefs and languages, this helps show nuanced picture.

Big Idea 5: Development of Maritime Empires

• Overtime significantly changed economies and societies in what was established.

• This is where we talked about joint stock companies. They allowed continued explanation with limited risks to investors.

• Their main were was economic disputes or what many rivalries that could be provided with simple examples; the Morocco conflict with the Songhai empire, they made empires too difficult with power, the Portuguese, etc. They quickly were able to bring them down though there are plenty more problems.

• The triangular trade involved different trade patterns from Europe to Africa and then down into the Caribbean and the Americas. This became interdependent economically, but the regions was economic dependence between continents over great differences. This leads to economic trade across borders.

• Societies change in terms of religion. Syncretism is taking two different things and making them one; indigenous people are blending religions with traditions but this also led to conflict. Sometimes on the other hand interaction of lead systems.

Big Idea 6: Resistance to Colonial Powers

• As states imposed their cultural, political, and economic will on various colonize and enslaved peoples, there was almost always resistance.

• The Martha rebellion: A large group of Hindu warriors who rebelled against Mughal rulers, brought the empire to an end and establishing the Martha Empire in its place.

• The pueblo revolt in Spanish colony of North America was caused when Pueblos grew tired of Spanish attempts to force population conversion to Christianity.

• Tupac Amaru II: The leader of an Indigenous uprising in Peru against Spanish colonial rule, his revolt in 1780 was a response to oppressive labor systems and exploitation

Big Idea 7: Social Change

• Social categories, roles, and practices were both maintained and underwent significant change during this period.

• The Qing were established by the main shoe, not on, but they did retain some distinctively Chinese institutions like the civil service exam, the bureaucracy, but they did impose very restrictive policies against native, making them we are they are in certain ways that were not traditional for them, etc, etc.

• The Spanish system, this was the social or social hierarchy system imposed on in the Americas that organized society based on ancestry and race, which was not how society or the society was organized before. They came and made one though.

Unit 5: Revolutions

Big Idea 1: The Enlightenment

• New ways of thinking embodied with enlightenment created the occasion for reform and revolution.

• With the Europeans, it shifts the local knowledge of religious belief to empirical data and observation.

• Some important enlightenment beliefs include:

  • National rights, which say that monarchs don't give you your rights, instead they come from the creator.

  • Social Contract says that people have the power to govern themselves. It exists upon the people's consent; if they don’t consent, you can flush that herd and put a new one in.

  • Popular Sovereignty

• Effects of the enlightenment:

  • Movement for women suffrage to end slavery.

  • Movements for Russia (serfdom is abolished in 1861). Enlightened ideas became come about.

Big Idea 2: Enlightenment and Nationalism

• The ideas of the enlightenment combined with rising nationalism, led to various revolutions throughout the world,.

• One specific big idea in this unit you must understand is nationalism, basically people's sense of belonging to each other and that based on a common language, common religion, common social customs, in a common state and territory. It's pride coming in that is what we do in our way of life. Like our pride in being who we are and how we speak etc, etc.

• A few revolutions include:

  • enlightenment ideals in documents to the American revolution which has a growing scene since Nationalism due to repressive British policies by 1783 as Americans were making the most of revolution.

  • The declaration of independence has some of these enlightenment ideas.

• They then inspired both French and Haitian revolutions with a strong sense of nationalism to make the changes.

Big Idea 3: The Industrial Revolution

• The industrial revolution began in Britain and will eventually transform the world.

• By the most basic and best most basic form, the industrial revolution was essentially just a change in how stuff was made, meaning no longer by hand, but by machines.

• The revolution begins because Britain had this unique cocktail of all right factors. They had waterways to improve proximity and support materials.

• Britain had also urbanized people living in factories being able to spread their production.

• The factory system rose, and it was powered by water or steam with factories able to mass produce goods.

  • There was a large labor specialization with the people working in factories.

Big Idea 4: Decline of Manufacturing in Middle East and Asia

• As Western industrialization spread, manufacturing declined.

• Rapid development of steam power helped European countries and the states that had previously been manufacturing, now, diminish their shares of global manufacturing. So for example, has previously Britain is making metric bolt, tons of textiles, the textile industry, India we're decreasing, because remember India is at this point to get English economy.

• In order to help colonial governments and the factory, they press the colonial government and propose Texas and text dials to undermine their profitability and eventually lead to decrease.

Big Idea 5: New Technologies

• Advent of new technologies such as railroads changing the landscape of factory life that the industrial revolution would make known.

• The industrial revolution was broken up into two different periods or phases. This one's seventeen fifties to eighteen thirties, and eighteen thirties to nineteen twenties.

• The differences power between the first and second industrial revolution was the steam engine and oil, and gasoline respectively, in order to power the engine, this led to the use of fossil fuels.

• Telegrams become a way to mass spread messages for the revolution

Big Idea 6: Increase in Standards of Living

• Significant economic shifts occurred during this period, including the rise of free market capitalism, national businesses, and increased standards of living.

• Free market capitalism started to thrive as many Western European nations abandoned the previous form of mercantilism in the old nation.

• Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations preached government had to lay off economic power and let the consumers live through the forces of supply and demand through the invisible hand prosperity. Which arguably it happened for those countries.

• We begin to see the rise of transnational corporations during at this time. These are companies that operate across national boundaries. There's also an increased standard of living amongst many people, as they can spend goods sold lower prices and more people can buy them.

Big Idea 7: Reforms for Workers

• As industrialization spread, it created the occasion for some states to enact reforms.

• There are some calls for reforms of work since they caused some problems for the working and lower class.

• The Labor Union allowed workers to assemble for better wages, a five-day work week/ laws.

• Karl Marx argued that the way to have this society work would be to create periods of socialism, which society would be defined by equality.

• The communist manifesto tells that they have worked for the bourgeoisie, but never be rich and have to create that system in place to become equal.

• The Ottoman Empire had the Tanzimat reforms, in somewhat trying to industrialize the empire, to eliminate all corruption to avoid those those tension filled relationships with the Western world.

Unit 6: 1750-1900 - Industrialization and Imperialism

Unit 6: 1750-1900 - Industrialization and Imperialism

Big Idea 1: Ideologies of Imperialism

• Various ideologies contributed to imperialism:

  • Cultural Ideologies

    • Belief in white superiority (e.g., Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden") which promoted the idea that Europeans had a duty to civilize and uplift people of color; this was used to justify colonial rule.

    • Social Darwinism: Applying "survival of the fittest" to states, suggesting that stronger nations were naturally destined to dominate weaker ones, thus providing pseudo-scientific justification for imperialism.

    • Desire to spread Christianity: Missionaries sought to convert indigenous populations, viewing it as a moral imperative to replace local religions with Christianity.

  • Nationalist Motives

    • Desire for powerful states to be the "greatest" by building empires: Colonies were seen as symbols of prestige and power, driving nations to compete for territorial acquisitions.

    • Examples: Britain in India, where the British sought to control key resources and trade routes; France in Africa, aiming to expand its influence and access valuable resources; Japan colonizing Korea after the Sino-Japanese War to establish a regional empire and gain access to resources like coal and rice.

  • Economic Motives

    • Need for new markets and raw materials due to the Second Industrial Revolution: Industrialized nations required resources like rubber, oil, and minerals, as well as markets to sell manufactured goods.

Big Idea 2: Consolidating Imperial Power

• Imperial states used different means to consolidate and expand their empires.

  • Non-state to State Control: Example, Congo initially a private colony under King Leopold II of Belgium. His policies led to international pressure due to brutal exploitation of the Congolese population for rubber, eventually creating the transfer of authority to the Belgian State.

  • New Imperial Powers Replacing Old Ones

    • Decline of Spanish and Portuguese power: Weakened by internal strife and loss of colonies in the Americas.

    • Rise of the United States after the Spanish-American War (1898), expanded into the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, marking its emergence as a global power.

    • Japan expanded into Korea, parts of China, Southeast Asia, and Pacific Islands to create a sphere of influence and access resources.

    • Russian Czars expanded into Poland, Eastern Europe, Middle East, and China to secure resources, trade routes, and strategic advantages.

  • Scramble for Africa

    • European powers desired Africa's raw materials for industrial production.

    • Otto von Bismarck of Germany convened the Berlin Conference to divide Africa diplomatically among European powers without African representation or consent, leading to long-term political and social consequences.

    • Africans had no input in the division of their lands, leading to widespread resentment and resistance.

Big Idea 3: Resistance to Imperialism

• Colonized peoples resisted imperial intrusion through:

  • Direct Resistance

    • Tupac Amaru II led a rebellion against Spanish atrocities in Peru (crushed violently), highlighting the indigenous people's struggle against colonial exploitation.

    • Sepoy Mutiny/Indian Rebellion of 1857 in India, triggered by cultural insensitivity and perceived threats to religious practices, leading to widespread violence and the consolidation of British rule.

  • Creation of New States: Example, new Balkan states (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria) emerging after fighting for independence from the Ottoman Empire, inspired by nationalism and supported by European powers seeking to undermine Ottoman influence.

  • Religiously Inspired Rebellions

    • Ghost Dance movement in the United States, aiming to expel white settlers and restore traditional ways of life (crushed by the U.S. military at the Wounded Knee Massacre).

    • Costa cattle killing movement in South Africa, where indigenous people slaughtered their cattle based on a prophecy that it would drive away the Europeans, leading to famine and further subjugation.

Big Idea 4: Transforming the Global Economy

• Imperial powers extracted raw materials and increased food supply, transforming the global economy.

  • Shift from subsistence farming to cash crop farming, where land was used to grow crops for export rather than local consumption, altering traditional agricultural practices.

  • Examples:

    • Cattle ranching in Uruguay and Argentina for beef, driven by European demand, transforming local economies and land use.

    • Guano extraction in Peru and Chile for fertilizer, driven by the need to increase agricultural yields in Europe and North America, profoundly impacting the environment and local communities.

  • Colonial economies served the needs of urban centers in imperial hubs, not the needs of the local colonial peoples, leading to economic dependency and stunted development.

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism

• Industrialized states and businesses practiced economic imperialism in Asia and Latin America.

  • Economic Imperialism Defined: When one country wields significant economic power over another, often through trade, investment, or debt.

  • Opium Wars in China

    • British smuggling of opium into China to address the trade deficit caused by high demand for Chinese goods like tea and porcelain.

    • Chinese ban on opium led to the Opium Wars, won by the British due to their superior industrial and military capacity, resulting in unequal treaties that weakened China.

    • British forced China to open trading ports and allow free trade, undermining Chinese sovereignty and economy.

    • China was divided into spheres of influence, with Japan, France, Germany, Russia (and the USA) having exclusive trading rights, further eroding Chinese control and exacerbating internal instability.

    • Would later lead to Boxer Rebellion

Big Idea 6: Migration

• Environmental and economic factors led to migration between 1750 and 1900.

  • Reasons for Migration

    • Work: new labor systems emerged to meet the demands of industrial economies.

      • Indentured servitude: workers paid for passage to a new place by working for a number of years, often under harsh conditions and limited rights.

      • Asian contract laborers: Chinese and Indian workers worked for low wages in plantations, mines, and construction projects, often facing discrimination and exploitation.

      • Penal colonies: convicts sent for hard labor (e.g., Australia), contributing to the development of new territories while subjecting prisoners to brutal conditions.

    • Bad conditions at home

      • Poverty in India led to mass migration, driven by economic hardship and limited opportunities.

      • Irish potato famine (1845) caused mass immigration to America, seeking refuge from starvation and disease.

  • Effects of Migration

    • Settlement in large cities led to urbanization, straining resources and creating social challenges.

    • Creation of ethnic enclaves, where immigrants clustered together for mutual support and cultural preservation.

  • Reception of Immigrants

    • Faced discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, and socio-economic status.

    • Racist legislation emerged – White Australia policy aimed to restrict non-European immigration; Chinese Exclusion Act in the United States, prohibiting Chinese laborers from entering the country.

Unit 7: 1900 to the Present - Global Conflicts

Big Idea 1: Change in States

• Significant internal and external factors caused change in various states.

  • Russia: lagging economically, reluctant to expand civil liberties

    • Loss in Crimean War and Russo-Japanese War exposed weaknesses in the Tsarist regime.

    • Bolsheviks seized power to establish a communist government led by Vladimir Lenin.

    • The Establishment of Soviet Union under the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.

  • China: Ethnic tensions, famine, diminished government revenue, Western encroachment weakened the Qing Dynasty.

    • The last Chinese dynasty was overthrown by Sun Yat Sen, who advocated for democracy, nationalism, and people's livelihood.

  • Mexico: Wealth gap, land issues, cooperation with US Investors, revolution under Francisco Madero aimed to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and implement democratic reforms.

Big Idea 2: Causes of World War I

• Combination of militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism (MAIN).

  • Militarism: Buildup of military weaponry leading to an arms race among European powers.

  • Alliance System: Defensive groupings of nations, such as the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia), promising to come to each other's aid if attacked.

  • Imperialism: Competition to claim remaining lands in Africa and Asia, leading to tensions and rivalries among European powers.

  • Nationalism: Intense pride in national identity, particularly in the Balkans, where various ethnic groups sought independence from Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian rule.

  • Spark that ignited the war: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo.

Big Idea 3: World War I Strategies

• Governments used propaganda, and new weapons technology.

  • Total War: Countries leveraged domestic assets, including industrial production, labor, and resources, to support the war effort.

  • Propaganda: Used to persuade people to support the war effort, demonize the enemy, and maintain morale.

  • New Technologies: Poison gas, machine guns, submarines, tanks led to unprecedented levels of destruction and casualties.

  • Trench Warfare: Ensured long-lasting stalemates and casualties along the Western Front.

  • Treaty of Versailles in 1919 ended the war, imposing harsh terms on Germany and setting the stage for future conflicts.

Big Idea 4: Increased Government Role in Economies

• Governments took a more prominent role in managing economies.

  • Great Depression

    • Started in the United States and spread globally, causing widespread unemployment and economic hardship.

    • Herbert Hoover's non-interventionist approach failed to alleviate the crisis.

    • Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal: Massive government spending on public works, social security, and financial reforms.

  • Germany: Economic ruin after World War I, hyperinflation destroyed savings and destabilized society.

    • Rise of fascism and the Nazi party, strong government intervention in the economy through rearmament and public works projects.

  • The Soviet Union: Five year plans to transform it into an industrial power, emphasizing heavy industry and collectivized agriculture.

    • Collectivization of agriculture led to widespread famine and death (especially in Ukraine).

Big Idea 5: Causes of World War II

• Unsustainable peace agreement of World War I, economic crisis, and rise of fascism.

  • Treaty of Versailles: War guilt clause and reparations for Germany ruined the German economy, fostering resentment and instability.

  • Economic Crisis: Great Depression gave rise to fascism in Germany and Italy, as people sought strong leadership to overcome economic hardship.

  • Fascist Regimes: Extreme nationalism utilized by the Nazi party in order to restore German greatness. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party enact measures to get needed Lebensraum, and, after a period of appeasement, the Hitler's invasion of Poland led to start of World War II (1939).

Big Idea 6: World War II as a Total War

• Another total war, deployed all national resources to fight and win.

  • Methods: Propaganda, manufacturing sectors repurposed for military output, colonial men called up to fight, and, in the case of Nazi Germay, the usse of forced labor.

  • Mobilization in The United States versus Nazi Germany highlights the distinction between democratic means of war versus totalitarian means.

  • Repression of Civil Liberties: Japanese internment in The United States, fueled by wartime hysteria and racism.

  • New Military Tactics and Technology: Firebombing, atomic bomb resulted in unprecedented levels of destruction and civilian casualties.

Big Idea 7: Rise of Extremist Groups and Genocide

• Rise of extremist groups led to the attempted destruction of populations through genocide or ethnic violence.

  • The Nazi Holocaust: Program to eliminate Jews and undesirables, based on racist ideology and the belief in Aryan supremacy.

    • Forced removal into concentration camps divided weaker from stronger individuals, where millions were systematically murdered in gas chambers and through forced labor.

  • Holodomor in Ukraine: Stalin's collectivization led to food confiscation, mass famines, and death of between seven to ten million peasants, aimed at suppressing Ukrainian nationalism and resistance to collectivization.

    • Stalin's policies led to widespread famine in Ukraine, deliberately engineered to break Ukrainian resistance to Soviet rule.

Unit 8: 1900 to the Present - The Cold War & Decolonization

Big Idea 1: The Cold War & Non-Aligned Movement

• The Cold War was a decades-long struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union.

  • Causes of the Cold War

    • Conflicting ideologies: Democratic capitalism vs. authoritarian communism (each wanting to expand).

    • Mutual mistrust between superpowers: Disagreements on postwar world, Stalin's control over Eastern Europe, disagreement about Germany.

  • Non-Aligned Movement

    • New states resisted getting caught up in the Cold War rivalry.

    • Started in 1955 with Indonesian President Akhmatsu Karno's meeting of 29 African/Asian heads of state.

Big Idea 2: Effects of the Cold War

• Major effects included an arms race, new military alliances, and proxy wars.

  • Arms Race: The US and Soviet Union spend significant sums to develop and stockpile more powerful weapons including nuclear.

  • Military Alliances: NATO (US and Western Europe for defense) VS. Warsaw Pact (Soviet Union and satellite states).

  • Proxy Wars: Smaller conflicts that represented the ideological differences of US vs. Soviet Union.

    • Examples:

      • Asia: Korean and Vietnam Wars.

      • Latin America: Nicaragua (Sandinistas vs. Contras).

      • Africa: Angolan Civil War.

Big Idea 3: Communism in China and Socialist Movements

• Several states adopted communism, China chief among them.

  • Causes in China: Grievances over dependence on Western powers. Mao Zedong's communist forces, supported by Soviet Union defeated Nationalist Party.

    • Mao's Communist policies:

      • Collectivization of agriculture. (Relatively peaceful and bloodless effort.

      • State control of the economy (Great Leap Forward).

        • Led to poor quality goods and widespread starvation of 20 to 50,000,000 Chinese.

  • Other Socialism movements redistribute land and resources

    • Example Egypt nationalizes the Suez Chanel.

    • Vietnam establishes Land Redistributions

Big Idea 4: Decolonization

• Occurred in one of two ways: negotiated independence or armed conflict.

  • Negotiated Independence: India formed the Indian National Congress. Mohandas Gandhi led non-violent. Britain officially recognized India's independence in 1947

  • Armed Resistance: Algeria rebelled against the French to gain independence. The French respond with high degrees brutality until President Charles De Gaulle eventually declared end of the war.

Big Idea 5: Conflict and Population Displacement due to Redrawn Boundaries

• The redrawing of political boundaries often led to conflict.

  • The Creation of Israel and the Palestian Partition: Zionism and a desire to have their own state among scattered Jews resulted in more and more jews migrating to Palestine. With the end of World War I the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Palestine was transferred to Britain. After World War II the United Nations declared a partition resulting two States in Palestine: One for Muslims and One for Jews. Israel declaring their independence in 1948 which, subsequently lead to almost immediate violence.

Big Idea 6: The Role of Newly Independent States in their Economy

• Governments took a strong role in guiding their economyby implementing policies that promoted industrialization, land reform, and foreign investment to help boost economic growth and stability.

  • Nasser in Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal.

  • Indira Gandhi in India adopted the Green Revolution.

Big Idea 7: Resistance to Oppressive Power Structures

• Movements to resist oppressive power structures multiplied, some characterized by nonviolence; others by violence.

  • Nonviolent Resistance:

    • Mohandas Gandhi:

      • Indian Independence Movement and Indian National Congress.

    • Martin Luther King: modeled after Gandhi's, also focused on movement of Civil Obedience.

      • Montgomery Bus Boycott & Sit-Ins.

        • Integrated Schools after the Supreme Court outlawed racism.

    • Nelsen Mandela eventually endorsed violent resistance.

      • Was imprisoned for nearly two decades. Upon release in 1994 Nelson Mandela became Prime Minister. was the final nail for South African Apartment.

  • Response to Intensified Violence from Resisted Force

    In Chile (under Augusto Pinochet) he conducted raids, executions, and torture against his political enemies, so a military coup happens Democratically elected, Salvador Allendes and with help from the US, Pinochet eventually overthrow's Allendes and becomes a Brutal dictator,

    • Allendes had been trying to nationalize industry, seen as a threat to American businesses

Big Idea 8: The End of the Cold War

• The Cold War ended because of US and new Soviet policies.

  • US Military Development: US elected Ronald Reagan in 1980 who led the federal government to massive spending on military. Because the Soviet had a laggy economy this put it at a disadvantage.

    • The Failed Invasion of Afghanistan: In 1979 Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan as an attempt to prop up communism although, with the help of the United States the Afghans and with Afghan rebels, with them defeating the Soviet Union leading to the Soviet further loss economically

  • Soviet Policies of Mikhail Gorbachev:

    • Perestroika: meant structure to be Soviet economy to address the economic votes by reducing the central planning from the Soviet government.

    • Glasnost: Openness meant Freedom of speech and new freedoms for critics. They also announced the Soviet Union would no longer use military intervention for all communist governments in Eastern Europe. Due to the destabilizing forces, the Soviet legislature voted to dissolve the Soviet Union. Which marked an end to the Cold War.

Unit 9: 1900 to the Present - Globalization

Big Idea 1: New Technologies

• New technologies increased globalization and had widespread effects.

  • Communication Technologies: *the radio, the internet and the Cell phone which facilitate Migration and helps keep everyone connected

  • New Energy Technologies: Petroleum and nuclear powers had the effect of increasing worker productivity and increasing the amount of goods that could be manufactured.

  • Medical Innovations: Birth control gave women increasingly control over whether they would have the babies.

  • Advances in Agriculture: GREEN REVOLUTION.

    • Benefits:

      • Increased food production

    • Criticisms

      • Requires use of fertilizers and pesticides which pollute the environment

      • Causes dependence on foreign countries

      • Decreases biodiversity

      • Larger landowners profited more than small ones

Big Idea 2: New and Old Diseases

• New and old diseases continue to be a threat in the age of globalization.

  • Malaria and other diseases associated with poverty due to unequal access to vaccines

  • Ebola, AIDS, and new diseases associated with Old-age (like heart disease and Alzheimer).

Big Idea 3: Environmental Problems

• Globalization has created significant environmental problems with

  • Deforestation: *as there are so many people to feed.

  • Declining Air quality

    • Great Smog of 1952

      • Caused by a mix of fog, coal, and industrial polution

      • Killed 10,000

  • and increasing consumption of fresh water: * A lot of impoverished nations don't have access.

  • increasing global temperature:

    • climate change - Resulting from industrialization, carbon emissions that are released into the atmosphere increase increase the global temperature over time.

    • Two responses - The Kyoto Protocol 1997 / Paris Agreement 2015

Big Idea 4: Changes in the Globalized Economy

• Both the nature and scope.

  • The proliferation of free market economics - ( Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher)

    • Deregulation, tax cuts

  • the rise of knowledge economies

    • The United States and other countries which produce ideas rather than goods

  • The rise of multinational corporations. Such as, Nestle

  • They rise to very recognizable Global brands like Coca Cola and McDonalds.

Big Idea 5: Resistance to Globalization

• Increased the calls for Reform in Human Rights and Economic inequity. Various activist groups are organized around:

  • Race Based Reforms-

    • The outlawing the Segregation and passing civil rights laws. In both the USA

    • Apartheid was eventually ended in South Africa

  • Class Based Reform The cast the reservation system.

    • The caste reservation system which gave a certain amount of jobs to lower castes

  • Gender Based Reform. *

    • The United Nations held its first Conference on Women’s Rights in 1975

  • Reforms In religion and culture. (Christian liberation theology and from more than in West Africa? The Negritude movement celebrated blackness black skin tone in general).

Big Idea 6: Globalized Culture

• Music (Reggae and K-Pop).

• Consumer culture

  • Online Commerce ( The Amazon and Alibaba)

  • Very recognizable Global brands (Coca-Cola)

Big Idea 7: Protest and Globalizations Instituions

• Despite benefits, movements resist the effects of globalization.

  Mostly for the protest of Global institution that have facilitated and for furthering and furthering spreads, and the engine of Global institution

  • World Bank, G10, IMF

• Criticisms of Globalization

  • Mostly enriches the global north

  • Companies take advantage of weak labor laws and environmental regulations

  • In developed nations many lose their manufacturing jobs

Big Idea 8: International Organizations

• Nations and states inter act through international organizations to address global issues, promote mutual understanding, and foster cooperation in areas such as trade, security, and environmental sustainability.

• UN, ect