A

learning and motivation 2/9/22

  • elicited / respondent behavior: behavior (involuntary) drawn out by preceding stimulus
  • reflex: automatic response to a stimulus
    • ==startle response:== defensive response to unexpected stimulus
    • ==orienting response:== body movement to position ourselves toward a stimulus
    • ==reflex arc:== neural structure underlying some reflexes
    • bypassing conscious thought
  • fixed action patterns (instincts)
    • elicited by a specific stimulus (species-specific)
    • sign stimulus / releaser: specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern
    • adaptive responses, evolved to cope with consistent aspects of the environment
    • can become maladaptive due to sudden changes in environment
  • opponent-process theory of emotion
    • explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses
    • two competing processes
    • @@primary / a process:@@ directly elicited by the event
    • @@opponent / b process:@@ serves to counteract primary process and maintain homeostasis
    • the repeated presentations of an emotional event diminishes primary process response and increases strength of b process
  • classical conditioning: stimulus elicits response because it is associated w another stimulus
    • conditioned stimulus (cs): initially neutral, elicited response when paired w unconditioned stimulus
    • conditioned response: often similar to ur, elicited by cs
  • appetitive conditioning: seek out this stimulus
  • aversive conditioning: avoid this stimulus
  • suppression ratio: (number of responses emitted during cs period)/(number of cs responses and number of pre-cs responses)
  • ^^excitatory conditioning:^^ ns associated with presentation of us
  • ^^inhibitory conditioning:^^ ns associated with absence / removal of us
  • ^^temporal conditioning:^^ ns / cs is the passage of time
  • ^^pseudoconditioning:^^ elicited response that appears to be a cr but it actually the result of sensitization
    • sensitization
    • nonassociative learning
    • increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
    • opposite of habituation
    • overgeneralization of response
    • effects usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for a period of time
  • from most to least effective:
    • delayed conditioning
    • trace conditioning
    • simultaneous
    • backward