learning and motivation 2/9/22

• elicited / respondent behavior: behavior (involuntary) drawn out by preceding stimulus
• reflex: automatic response to a stimulus   * ==startle response:== defensive response to unexpected stimulus   * ==orienting response:== body movement to position ourselves toward a stimulus   * ==reflex arc:== neural structure underlying some reflexes     * bypassing conscious thought
• fixed action patterns (instincts)   * elicited by a specific stimulus (species-specific)   * sign stimulus / releaser: specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern   * adaptive responses, evolved to cope with consistent aspects of the environment     * can become maladaptive due to sudden changes in environment
• opponent-process theory of emotion   * explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses   * two competing processes     * @@primary / a process:@@ directly elicited by the event     * @@opponent / b process:@@ serves to counteract primary process and maintain homeostasis   * the repeated presentations of an emotional event diminishes primary process response and increases strength of b process
• classical conditioning: stimulus elicits response because it is associated w another stimulus   * conditioned stimulus (cs): initially neutral, elicited response when paired w unconditioned stimulus   * conditioned response: often similar to ur, elicited by cs
• appetitive conditioning: seek out this stimulus
• aversive conditioning: avoid this stimulus
• suppression ratio: (number of responses emitted during cs period)/(number of cs responses and number of pre-cs responses)
• ^^excitatory conditioning:^^ ns associated with presentation of us
• ^^inhibitory conditioning:^^ ns associated with absence / removal of us
• ^^temporal conditioning:^^ ns / cs is the passage of time
• ^^pseudoconditioning:^^ elicited response that appears to be a cr but it actually the result of sensitization   * sensitization     * nonassociative learning     * increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus     * opposite of habituation     * overgeneralization of response     * effects usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for a period of time
• from most to least effective:   * delayed conditioning   * trace conditioning   * simultaneous   * backward

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