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Psychology of Learning
learning and motivation 2/9/22
elicited / respondent behavior:
behavior (involuntary) drawn out by preceding stimulus
reflex:
automatic response to a stimulus
==startle response:== defensive response to unexpected stimulus
==orienting response:== body movement to position ourselves toward a stimulus
==reflex arc:== neural structure underlying some reflexes
bypassing conscious thought
fixed action patterns (instincts)
elicited by a specific stimulus (species-specific)
sign stimulus / releaser:
specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern
adaptive responses, evolved to cope with consistent aspects of the environment
can become maladaptive due to sudden changes in environment
opponent-process theory of emotion
explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses
two competing processes
@@primary / a process:@@ directly elicited by the event
@@opponent / b process:@@ serves to counteract primary process and maintain homeostasis
the repeated presentations of an emotional event diminishes primary process response and increases strength of b process
classical conditioning:
stimulus elicits response because it is associated w another stimulus
conditioned stimulus (cs):
initially neutral, elicited response when paired w unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response:
often similar to ur, elicited by cs
appetitive conditioning:
seek out this stimulus
aversive conditioning:
avoid this stimulus
suppression ratio:
(number of responses emitted during cs period)/(number of cs responses and number of pre-cs responses)
^^excitatory conditioning:^^ ns associated with presentation of us
^^inhibitory conditioning:^^ ns associated with absence / removal of us
^^temporal conditioning:^^ ns / cs is the passage of time
^^pseudoconditioning:^^ elicited response that appears to be a cr but it actually the result of sensitization
sensitization
nonassociative learning
increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
opposite of habituation
overgeneralization of response
effects usually disappear when stimulus is not presented for a period of time
from most to least effective:
delayed conditioning
trace conditioning
simultaneous
backward
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