STAD exam 2

Asexual Reproduction

don’t need pollintor or fertilization no genetic diversity, identical clones, if one plant getes a disease all of them are suseptable

Grafting

asexual reproduciotn method: joins scion (fruit producing section) with the rootstock (which survives well in local conditions) must align xylem and phloem together. reduces pests/diseases, can propigate multiple fruits on the same tree, does not produce a diff flavor. Not easily cloned with other methods

Micropropigation

Uses plant stem cells, start off with our parent tissue, grow and propigate with hormoesn and nutrient medium. The cells split and reproduce to create a new plant. Take clean tissue to propogate new organism using hormones.Allows fo rmass cloning like strawberries

Sexual reproduciont

Sperm (pollen) meets egg (ovule)—→ zygote is the seed + nutrients needed

Outcrossing

pollen from one species fertilzes a diff

Selfing

self fertilizatoin

hybrid seeds

crossing interbred homozygous plants AAxBB to get a heterozygous AB creates hybrid vigor: more productive.

Process: reomve tassels from corn, take tassels form anotehr or use hadn to spread pollen onto anoter. If hybrid seeds breed they lose uniformity

Artificial selection traditional plant breeding

like natural selection but driven by humans Benefits: can handle complex polygenic traits, and cna save seeds

Cons: takes a long time before you see ideal traits expressed, linked genes can slow desired traits, limited to one exsisting gene pool

Mutation breeding

Post WW2 exposed plants to mutagenic radiaiton- found that they developed new features/characteristiscs

Obligate Outcrossing

have to get pollen from an individual they regoconize as geneticlaly different. 

Artificial Selection:

comparable to natural seleciotn in many ways but her its humans who decide which organisms will survive and reproduce. 

Tranditional Plant Breeding: type of artificial selection. What are benefits?

easy to do, can deal with polygenic genes, can save seeds,

Traditional plant breeding drawbacks?

a. takes a long time to get right generation, may propigate unwanted traits, genes that are located close together on chromsoem could take a long time,

whats it take to genetically engineer a plant

know what traits we want to see and what it encodes for