AP US History Study Guide

Questions

Standalone questions

• What was the most common form of resistance among enslaved people in the New World

  • running away and intentionally working slowly

  • gathering weapons and launching insurrections

  • poisoning their enslavers

  • killing themselves to spite their enslavers

• What statement correctly describes the syncretic nature of the slave culture in the British Colonies

  • enslaved people completely abandoned traditional beliefs

  • enslaved people refused to abandon any traditional beliefs

  • enslaved people blended new and traditional beliefs

  • enslaved people were prevented from having any culture by law

• What statement correctly describes the states of enslaved people in the southern British Colonies?

  • it was only temporary and enslaved people were freed after they worked for their enslaver for a certain number of years (actually indentured servitude)

  • enslaved people inherited the status from their father and as a result had many rights except for suffrage

  • enslaved people inherited their status from their mothers thus incorporating a strong racial element into colonial society

  • Britain banned slavery in the colonies so all enslaved people were free.

Questions using text

"Various are the reports and conjectures of the causes of the present Indian war. Some impute it to an imprudent zeal in the magistrates of Boston to Christianize those heathen before they were civilized and enjoying them the strict observation of their laws, which, to a people so rude and licentious, hath proved even intolerable, and that the more, for that while the magistrates, for their profit, put the laws severely in execution against the Indians, the people, on the other side, for lucre and gain, entice and provoke the Indians to the breach thereof, especially to drunkenness, to which those people are so generally addicted that they will strip themselves to their skin to have their fill of rum and brandy...

.. the English have contributed much to their misfortunes, for they first taught the Indians use of arms, and admitted them to be present at all their musters and trainings, and showed them how to handle, mend and fix their muskets, and have been furnished with all sorts of arms by permission of the government ..."

Edmund Randolph, firsthand account of King Philip's War, 1675

1. The above excerpt most directly reflects which predominant view of the American Indian by the New England colonists by the mid to late 1600s?

• Free natives from whom much could be learned

•  Admiration of the American Indians' system of law

• Crude and ungodly

• Civilized, but incapable of abiding by their own laws

2. The evidence in the above excerpt best supports which of the following arguments regarding American Indian warfare by the mid- to late 1600s?

•  American Indian warfare became more destructive

• American Indian warfare became more disorganized and undisciplined

• The increased precision of firearms and the dependency of many American Indians on alcohol made warfare less ferocious

• The increased efforts by colonists to peaceably coexist with American Indians made warfare less vicious

3. The New England colonists' efforts to "civilize" the American Indian, as referred to in the above excerpt, most directly reflects which of the following Puritan ideals?

• That the Puritans were establishing a conscientious community of holiness, which would serve as a beacon and model to others around the world 

• That the Puritans were establishing a community based on separation of Church and State, which model the American Indian tribal societies did not follow

• That moral societies were based on strict judicial systems, and the American Indians enforced their laws in too random a manner 

• That at birth, people were predestined for either salvation or damnation

... All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time of war the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direct emergency and neril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when under conditions of modern warfare our shores are threatened by hostile forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger...

1. Which of the following policies is being debated in the excerpt?

a. Executive Order 9066

b. Fair Employment Practices Commission

c. the Atlantic Charter

d. the Selective Service Act

2. The main point argued in the excerpt is that

a. racial segregation is embedded in American culture.

b. the "elastic clause" in the Constitution has no limits.

c. gender discrimination in the armed forces is constitutional.

d. civil liberties can be restricted during wartime.

3. The main point argued in the excerpt is most consistent with the sentiments presented in which of the following?

a. the Supreme Court ruling in Plessy vs. Ferguson

b. the 1935 Neutrality Act

c. the Supreme Court ruling in Schenck vs. United States

d. the creation of the National Labor Relations Board

4. Which of the following would have most likely opposed the ruling?

a. Woodrow Wilson

b. John Adams

c. Andrew Hamilton

d. members of the Know Nothing Party-

"Our... destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions. ... The Anglo-Saxon foot is already on [California's] borders. Already the advance guard of the irresistible army of the Anglo-Saxon emigration has begun to pour down upon it, armed with the plough and the rifle, and making its trail with schools and colleges, courts and representative halls, mills and meeting-houses. A population will soon be in actual occupation of California... Their right to independence will be the natural right of self-goverment belonging to any community strong enough to maintain it."

- John L. O'Sullivan, 1845

1. The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which of the following?

a. Models of limited government inherent in the Articles of Confederation.

b. Beliefs in separation of powers articulated in the United States Constitution.

c. Concepts of republican democracy found in the Declaration of Independence.

d. Concerns about foreign alliances expressed in George Washington's Farewell Address.

2. The process described in the passage above most directly led to political controversies in the 1840s and 1850s over the

a. use of natural resources in newly acquired territories

b. authority of the Supreme Court to overturn federal laws

c. role of the federal government in economic development 

d. expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories

3. Which of the following would have been most likely to support the sentiments expressed in the excerpt?

a. Henry Clay

b. Abraham Lincoln

c. James K. Polk

d. William Lloyd Garrison

4. This quote echoes the beliefs of which of the following colonial religious groups?

a. Quakers

b Puritans

c. Catholics

d. french Huguenots

"I believe [we] shall obtain.. a majority in the legislature of the United States, attached to the preservation of the federal Constitution, according to its obvious principles and those on which it was known to be received;.. in short, a majority firm in all those principles which we have espoused, and the Federalists have opposed uniformly. ... It [our country] can never be harmonious and solid while so respectable a portion of its citizens support principles which go directly to a change of the federal Constitution, to sink the state governments, consolidate them into one, and to monarchise that." - Thomas Jefferson to Gideon Granger, a future member of Jefferson's cabinet, 13 August 1800

1. Thomas Jefferson opposed some of Alexander Hamilton's programs because Jefferson believed that

a. the common bond of a substantial national debt would serve to unify the different states

b. the French alliance threatened to spread the violence of the French Revolution to America

c. the federal government should encourage manufacturing and industry

d. Hamilton's programs favored wealthy financial interests

2. During the first two decades under the United States Constitution, one of the primary factors that separated Federalists from Democratic-Republicans was 

a. whether they accepted the Constitution or opposed it

b. whether they believed George Washington should have run for a third term as president

c. whether they leaned more toward states' rights or national sovereignty

d. whether they had been patriots or loyalists during the American War of independence

3. It was the position of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions that the

a. Supreme Court should judge the constitutionality of congressional measures

b. states should secede from the Union when they believe congressional measures to be unconstitutional

c. states should judge the constitutionality of congressional measures

d. appointment of "midnight judges" was unconstitutional

4. The election of 1800 has been referred to as constituting "another revolution" because

a. the House of Representatives decided the election

b. a Supreme Court decision was required to dislodge the Federalists

c. the party in power stepped down after losing the election

d. force was required to get John Adams to leave the Presidency

1. Which of the following groups would most likely support the perspective of the cartoon?)

A) southern politicians

B) Radical Republicans

(C) Norther opponents of the war

(D) Veterans of the Confederate Army

2. The sentiments expressed in the cartoon above most directly contributed to which of the following?

(A) the passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments

(B) the movement of African Americans away from the farms where many had been held as slaves

(C) the prevalence of the sharecropping system and convict leasing

(D) the passage of segregation laws in Southern States

3. The controversy highlighted in the cartoon above most directly led to the

A) emergence of more vigorous southern resistance to African American rights'

(B) industria lization of some segments of the Southern economy

(C) issuance of court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson sanctioning ra cial segregation

D) development of African American efforts to support vocational education

4. Efforts by Republicans to establish a base for their party in the South after the Civil War ultimately failed because

(A) Republicans feared the South would secede a ga in if the party became too successful

B) Republican opposition to African American rights alienated many White Southerers

C) Republicans grew weary of pressing their Reconstruction agenda in a hostile environment

D) Republicans believed it better to withdraw from the South than to become corrupted by Southern politics

Material to Know

Unit 1

• Vocab

  • crellos

    • persons born in the colonies of Europe

  • mestizos

    • persons of mixed origin (Europeans and indigenous)

  • haciendas

    • large scale farms filled with native peoples usually bad treatment

  • Huguenots

    • French protestants who escaped prosecution from catholic church by going to the colonies in America

  • borderland

    • meeting place where geographic and cultural borders overlap

  • indentured servants

    • those who sacrificed their rights for 5-7yrs to gain passage over to America and then worked off debt

  • John Smith

    • forced labor

    • military discipline led colony

    • “he that will not work will not eat“

  • Puritans

    • thought church of England had to many elements of Catholicism

    • left to the colonies for religious freedom

  • Proprietary colony

    • grant of land and government authority to single individual

  • quakers

    • religious people who didnt believe in violence but did social equality

    • didnt like slavery

  • mercantilism

    • gov should regulate economic activity to promote national power

    • prosperity and power for the mother country

    • colonies had to buy mother country goods made from their resources

  • Gullah

    • language which mixed African roots and named their children African names

  • Mulattos

    • free inter raced people btwn African and Colonists

  • social contract

    • gov should exist to protect the rights of people

  • Deism

    • belief god withdrew after making world leaving it to function according to scientific laws

    • emphasized separation of church and state

• Laws

  • encomienda system

    • allowed settlers authority over conquered native lands and right for forced labor

  • repartimiento system

    • native villages legally free

    • entitled to wages

    • required labor each year

  • Enclosure Movement

    • fenced off common farming grounds benefitted rich

    • John Winthrop recommended people move to colonies for land or gain jobs to avoid the enclosure movement

  • dower rights

    • women could have 1/3 of her husbands property if he died before her

    • if unmarried could make contracts and have independent legal identity

  • toleration act 1689

    • assured protestant domination in colonies Catholics and dissenters faced discrimination

    • due to glorious revolution and protestant succession in throne

    • English bill of rights 1689 listed parliament powers control over taxation, rights of individuals

  • proclamation of 1763

    • prevented expansion past west of Appalachian mountains

    • was ignored and exacerbated Indian/settler relations

• Big stuff

  • Chesapeake colony

    • known for tobacco farming

  • The Great Migration

  • Pequot War

  • children born from slave mothers were slaves

    • makes sexual abuse of slave women profitable

  • during this time Haiti is #1 producer of sugar and coffee

  • bacons rebellion

    • William Berkely-corrupt rewarded his followers

    • bacon gathered his forces for unauthorized and indiscriminate campaign against governess “Protected darling Indians”

    • resulted in reinstated property, reduced taxes, and aggressive Indian policy

  • Stono rebellion

    • group of south Carolina slaves marched burning houses and barns and beating drums killed 2 dozen white people

  • freedom of speech was originally only in parliament

  • trial of John Peter Zenger

    • case was a warning that libel would be hard to win

    • freedom of press

  • 1st Great Awakening

    • series of local events united to commitment of

    • pioneered emotionally intense style of preaching

    • increased conversions to baptists and methodists

      • Theodore Frelinghuysen, William and gilbert Tennet and Johnathan Edwards

      • George Whitfield brought emotional preaching to colonies

    • brought many back into religion

    • appealed to passion of listeners

    • saving yourself and god is merciful instead of predestined fate

  • Pontiacs Rebellion

    • natives besieged britian’s military outposts, killed hundreds of settlers

• People

  • Bartolome de las casas

    • very brief account of the destruction of the indies

    • denounced Spain for horrors

    • black legend provided justifications for other countries to come to America after tales of Spain’s exploitation

  • Popé

    • main organizer of uprising against the colonies

    • after Popé Spain adopted more tolerant view of natives

  • roger Williams

    • insisted congregation withdraw from church of England and church and state be separated

    • was Rhode island maker

  • Thomas hooker

    • advocate of popular sovereignty

  • Anne Hutchinson

    • discussed religious issues among men and women

    • she goes to Rhode island

  • William Penn

    • wanted to make Pennsylvania a place for spiritual and religious freedom

    • so many people go to Pennsylvania Virginia has to rely on slavery

  • John Locke

    • social contract

      • gov should exist to protect rights

      • if gov doesn’t public has right to overthrow

    • natural rights

      • life liberty and property

  • Neolin

    • Indian religious leader told Indians to be one people

• Slavery

  • middle passage

    • men women and children chained together in ships

    • many died of sickness and thrown overboard

    • worse in Portugal and Brazil

  • triangle trade

    • New World, Brittan and Africa

  • Chesapeake

    • large labor needed for tobacco and rice

    • rice plantations had malaria

    • south Carolina did allow leisure time if tasks were done

    • Chesapeake region and slavery made social classes off of degree of freedoms

  • would defy plantations by being slow and singing

  • made a new religion combined African religions with Christianity

  • right to vote-determined by property

    • known as having an investment in society if you own property

Unit 2 👍

• vocab

  • hessian

    • german soldiers fighting for Britain

  • coverture

    • husband still held all legal authority to person and possession of wife

  • republican motherhood

    • ideology that emphasized women’s importance as wives and mothers in national politics

  • anti federalists

    • opponents of ratification

  • annuity system

    • grants of federal money to native American tribes

  • gradual emancipation

    • assumed former slaves would stay in country not be colonized abroad

  • Nativists

    • feared impact of immigration on American political and social life

  • Mill girls

    • new England textile mills that relied on women and children labor

  • Cult of Domesticity

    • kept women in private realm of family

    • new definition of femininity→ to create a private environment

    • brought idea of family wage→ men being able to make enough to support his family

  • early labor movement

    • growth of individualism

    • mobility to the west

    • severely limits women and colored people

    • larger wages short hours

    • union organization

  • Gag Rule

    • prohibited consideration of abolitionist petitions

  • Declaration of Sentiments

    • condemned structure of inequality towards women and the restriction of women in their homes

    • wanted right to vote

    • no more submission to men

  • Republicanism

    • active participation in public life by economically independent citizens

  • Liberalism

    • individualism, equal rights, natural rights liberty

• Laws

  • writs of assistance

    • general search warrants allowed customs to search anywhere to find smuggled goods

  • town shed acts 1767

    • taxes on imported goods into the colonies

  • sugar act 1764

    • lowered tax on molasses but stopped smuggling of colonists

  • stamp act 1765

    • required all stationary to have stamp purchased from Britain

  • declatory act

    • reject claims that only elected colonist could levy taxes

  • coercion or intolerable acts

    • Boston tea party parliament closed Boston ports until tea was paid for

    • radically altered Massachusetts charter of 1691 by having governor appoint members to council instead of electing them

    • empowered soldiers to lodge in private homes

  • articles of confederation

    • first constitution or the us

    • articles made congress combined representative of all states

    • no president to enforce laws and no judiciary

    • congress held no finances lacked power to levy taxes

    • basically everything was crap- the colonies were all really petty and would mess with things that caused an over hall and the bill of rights was formed

  • ordinance of 1784

    • established stages of self gov

  • ordinance of 1785

    • land sales in region north of Ohio river

    • land had to be set aside for public education

  • homestead act of 1862

    • offered Freeland in public domain

  • ordinance 1787

    • called for establishment of 3-5 states north of ohio river

  • treaty of Greenville

    • ceded ohio and Indian to federal government

  • jays treaty

    • no British concessions on impressment

    • heightens political tensions

    • led straight to formation of an organized opposition party

  • Alien and Sedition acts of 1789

    • required residency of 14 years

    • deportation of persons abroad deemed dangerous

  • naturalization act

    • prosecution of public assembly/publication critical of government

  • Marbury v Madison

    • supreme court assumed power to determine whether an act of congress violates constitution

      • judicial review

  • embargo act

    • ban on American ships sailing for foreign ports

• Big Stuff

  • French and Indian War 1754

    • 9 year war between France and Britain

    • Britain made colonies pay for the war debt

  • daughters of liberty

    • women who spun and wove at home

    • Chesapeake regions found homemade clothes appealing

  • sons of liberty

    • led protests posting notices

  • Boston tea party

    • December 3rd 1773

    • colonists disguised as Indians boarded an east India company ship and dumped 300 chests of tea

  • continental congress

    • meet in Philadelphia and declared themselves Americans

  • declaration of independence

    • July 4 1776

    • lists grievances, all men created equal, life liberty pursuit of happiness

  • Saratoga battle

    • winning of battle gave French confidence in America

  • treaty of Paris

    • won independence recognition

    • gained control of Mississippi

    • loyalist property had been taken was restored

    • Canada and west indies remained out of war and loyal to British

    • treaty or Paris made us first independent nation in western hemisphere

  • Hamilton’s Financial Plan

    • I

      • establish nations credit worthiness and persons loan money

      • have people buy bonds and then repay them

      • assume full responsibility of war debt

    • II

      • creation of new national debt that would be replaced by interest bonds

    • III

      • bank of united states to serve as main financial agent

    • IV

      • proposed tax on whiskey

    • V

      • imposition of tariff and gov subsides to encourage development of factories minimize abroad purchases

  • Political Climate

    • George Washington→ Cabinet secretary

    • Alexander Hamilton→ Treasury secretary

    • Thomas Jefferson→ State secretary

    • John Jay→ Secretary for Foreign Affairs

    • Henry Knox→ Department of War

    • during this time makes 6 justices on the supreme court

  • Washington

    • knows how to delegate

    • sets peaceful exchange of office

    • dislikes political parties

    • warns of foreign engagement

    • addresses neutrality

  • XYZ affair

    • diplomats sent to France to reinstate alliance of 1778

    • negotiate to stop impressment and seizes of US ships

  • Virginia and Kentucky declare that sedition act is violation of 1st amendment declared that states could nullify federal laws that violated constitution

  • War of 1812

    • ended by treaty of Ghent in 1814 and everything reverted to normal

    • Andrew Jackson still fought the battle of new Orleans and he was seen as the man who ended the war

  • Adams-Onís treaty of 1814

    • got Florida for us

  • Market Revolution

    • cotton kingdom

    • mill girls

    • factory system

      • outwork system- men and women take jobs at factory’s instead of homemade goods

    • Steam boats canals railroad, turn pike and telegraph expanded communication

    • Erie canal allowed goods into great lakes in 1825

    • Adams Onis treaty

    • immigration trends

      • response of nativism

      • 4 million people arrived

        • political and religious freedom

      • 90% of factories/north growing city population

  • 2nd Great Awakening

    • self improvement → reliance and determination

    • revival of Christianity

    • Individualism→ importance of industry sobriety and self discipline

    • utopian communities

      • experimental societies create perfect social order

    • helped with abolitionists

  • James Madison economic plan

    • new national bank

    • tariff on imported manufactured goods

    • federal financing of improving travel (roads and canals)

    • tariff of 1816 offered protection to US goods

  • Panic 1819

    • disrupted political harmony of previous years

    • Mc culloch v Maryland

      • declared bank a legitimate exercise of congressional authority and cant be taxed

      • many states started taxing small branches of national bank

      • implied powers→ so congress can do things not specifically mentioned/allowed by constitution

        • like post office

      • protective tariffs

      • national bank

      • ports and trade closed to Britain

  • Panic of 1837

    • production decreased and left unemployed

    • banks offered loans to anyone

    • lending to anyone with out paying back

    • paper money became widespread

    • economic depression

    • Jackson vetoed banks and the creation of pet banks happened

  • Missouri controversy

    • Missouri compromise made Missouri join with slaves and so would Maine who had non slavery banned in rest of the Louisiana purchase land

  • Monroe Doctrine

    • opposed further efforts of European colonization

    • us abstains from European wars

    • warned European powers not to bother us

  • Election of 1828 Andrew Jackson

    • Andrew Jackson has become president (the world is doomed)

      • reduced expenditures

      • lowered the tariff

      • killed the national bank

      • refused aid for internal improvements

      • paid off national debt

      • states replaced federal government as main economic actors

        • his little pet banks

        • state banks were given federal funds

  • Nullification Crisis

    • John C Calhoun was leading theorist of nullification

    • 1832 new tariff south Carolina nullified it

    • Force act used to collect tariff with army and navy

  • Indian removal act of 1830

    • uprooted many different tribes and moved them to the western areas trail of tears

    • Johnson v Mcintosh

      • declared Indians did not own their own land

    • Cherokee Nation v Georgia

      • Indians was wards of the federal government protection but not citizens

    • Worchester v Georgia

      • Indians were distinct people w/ right of separate political identity

• People

  • Patrick henry

    • give me liberty or give me death

  • Thomas Paine

    • common sense- attacked constitution of England monarchical gov and hereditary rule

  • Frederick Douglas

    • was born into slavery escaped in Maryland and then became a big abolitionist leader

    • made people think of hypocrisy celebrating July 4 when slavery was still present

  • Nat Turner

    • slave preacher religious mystic believed god chose him to led uprising traveled in country and conducted religious services

    • led a rebellion 80 slaves joined and 60 whites dead

  • Dorthea Dix

    • leading advocate of humane treatment of insane

  • Margret fuller

    • educated women part of new England transcendentalist circle

    • argued women should have same opportunity’s as man

  • Sojourner Truth

    • insisted that women rights also help poor and working women

• Women

  • republican mother

    • got more education for women

    • believed women had the best position to influence young men in politics and education

    • primary education for both girls and boys

    • more academic chances

• Slavery

  • black regiment

    • offered freedom for anyone who joined

    • compensated owners for loss

  • abolition

    • act of removing a system practice or institution

    • specifically in this case slavery

  • lord dunmares proclamation and Phillipsburg proclamation

    • left slaves freed other than those who were from loyalists

    • any slave that made it to British lines would be reeded.

  • freedom given to children from slaves mother after they served that master until adult hood

  • Benjamin franklin was president of abolition society and state liberty should be for everyone

  • with Haitian gabriel’s slave rebellions slave owners in America were scared of revolution and loosing their slaves.

  • Gabriel’s rebellion

    • Solomon and Martin Gabriel planned to march and hold governor hostage until demands of abolitionist were met

    • 26 slaves hung dozens more moved

    • led to crack down on freedom lost ability to congregate w/o white people

    • any slave freed after 1806 had to leave Virginia or be sold back into slavery

  • Cotton Kingdom

    • early industrial revolution centered on factories producing cotton textiles and water powered spinning and weaving machines

    • slave trade banned

    • rise of southern economy and power

    • 2nd middle passage

      • from northern states down to southern states

      • slave coffles

        • groups chained together to march south

    • free blacks lived in poorest parts of city’s

      • made educational society’s and church’s

      • would have craft skills and were disliked by artisans

      • couldn’t move into public land and were banned

    • Militant Abolitionism

      • became more aggressive and violent to get their point across

      • Moral suasion

        • convince slave holders of their sinful ways and north of its complicity

Unit 3 -1865 Focus on Reconstruction and Pre Civil war

• Vocab

  • Tejanos

    • Mexican Texans

    • American immigrants demanded greater autonomy

  • know nothing party

    • focused on nativism

    • anti immigration

    • anti catholic

  • republican

    • mix on anti slavery democrats, northern Whigs, free soilers, know nothings

    • existed to stop spread of slavery

  • Civil war known as

    • Rich mans war poor mans fight

  • Sharecropping

    • allowed blacks to pay for rent part of plantation with crop divided between people

    • preferred over gang labor and then became oppressive making a circle of debt and basically slaver in a new form

  • Black Codes

    • laws passed by the southern government

    • basically the slavery laws reworded

    • granted marriage and property

    • limited access to the courts couldn’t testify against white person

    • any who refused to sign labor contracts were arrested and hired to landowners

    • only a handful of the southern leaders were arrested and allowed for the black codes to happen in the south

  • Carpet Baggers

    • people who packed all of their belongings in suitcase or carpets

    • blacks from north to south

  • Scalawags

    • white southern republican seen as traitors to race and religion

    • mostly non slave holding farmers

  • terrorism starts with KKK

  • the redeemers

    • want white people back in charge

    • said they were redeemed

  • Muckrakers

    • use of journalistic skills to expose the underside of American life

• Laws

  • treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

    • confirmed the annexation of Texas

    • ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah

  • fugitive slave act

    • law allowed for no testimony no trial of alleged fugitives

    • prohibited local authority interference

    • required individuals to assist capture when called upon

  • Kansas Nebraska act

    • became law in 1854

    • allowed residents to vote on slavery

    • created two new terriotry’s with popular sovereignty

  • Dred Scott v Sandford

    • sued for freedom in Missouri said living on free soil made him free

    • Roger b Taney declared only white persons could be citizens

    • declares territories as unconstitutional

    • John Mclean insisted that birth of a free person in country was citizenship

  • Homestead Act

    • offered 160 acres of public land to soldiers in the west took effect same day as emancipation proclamation

  • Emancipation Proclamation 1863

    • all persons held as slaves in the rebellious states are then freed

    • only gave freedom to slaves in places where war was active

    • states that sided with the union still had slaves

  • Wade-Davis Bill

    • required majority of white male southern to take vow before reconstruction and guaranteed blacks equality before law

    • no right to vote

    • passed congress but not Lincoln

  • 14th amendment

    • gave birth right citizenship to everyone but Native Americans

    • no state shall deny persons any protection or due process of the law

  • Reconstruction act

    • temporarily divided the south into 5 military districts and creation of new state gov with blacks getting right to vote radical reconstruction until 1877

  • 15th amendment

    • prohibited the deferral and state government from denying any man the right to vote because of race

  • tenure of office act

    • banned president from removing certain office holders including cabinet members with out consent of senate

  • Enforcement acts

    • outlawed terrorist society’s allowing president to used army against them

      • Ulysses S Grant Sent army after KKK and arrested hundreds of them

  • civil rights act of 1875

    • outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation

    • Plessy v Ferguson separate equal will do a loophole

  • Slaughter house cases 1873

    • justices noted 14th amendment hadn’t altered traditional federalism most of citizen rights remained under state control

  • bargain of 1877

    • democrats accepted Hayes presidency if he removed federal troops from the south effectively ended reconstruction

  • Platt Amendment

    • authorized US to intervene with military whenever they say fit

    • in cuba

  • open door policy

    • demanding European powers grant equal access to exports and trade

    • referred to movement of goods, and money but not people

    • free trade with China but not letting immigrants in

  • Insular Cases

    • supreme court assumed that constitution didnt fully apply to territories

  • Eugene v debs

    • railroad union leader preaching control of economy by democratic gov held hope to unit political equality

• Big Stuff

  • Gold Rush in California caused a flood of people to California

    • native pop was murdered by minors and vigilantes

  • Mathew perry sent to Tokyo harbor and negotiated trade treaty and demanded that Japan trade with them

  • Wilmot Proviso

    • proposed all territory gained from Mexico should prohibit slavery

  • Compromise of 1850

    • California entered union as free state

    • slave trade abolished in the capital

    • new law but in place to capture run aways

      • fugitive slave law

    • popular sovereignty introduced over slavery

  • Bleeding Kansas

    • ends in violence

    • people went to Kansas to vote for slavery

    • violence- discredits popular sovereignty

  • Lincoln Douglas Debates

    • Lincoln-freedom means slavery is gone

    • Douglas- freedom lays in local self gov and individual self determination

  • Harpers Ferry

    • 21 men seized the ferry was captured by federal soldiers

    • john brown an abolitionist helped seize it, he was killed an seen as a martyr

  • Election of 1860

    • south has 3 candidates Douglas, Breckinridge and john bell

    • this split the votes and allowed Lincoln to win with no southern votes

    • pisses off a bunch of the southern states so they secede

    • when Lincoln sends supplies to a military fort he warns the seceded states and they fire on the supply ship

  • Civil War

    • first use of railways to transport supplies

    • demonstrated iron clad ships and naval warfare

    • Anaconda Plan

      • 90 vessels patrol and blockade the south

      • 3rd year south suffers from shortages in food, clothing and shoes

    • Battle of Bull Run 1st 1861

      • first significant event and was watched by sightseers

    • Battle of Bull Run 2nd 1862

      • Robert E Lee and General John Pope

      • Lee won

    • Battle of Antietam

      • Lee launched against McClellan more Americans died sept 17 1862

  • Gettysburg Address

    • identified the nations mission

    • all men created equal

    • forged new national self confidence as a nation and not just a union

  • Navajos long walk

    • forced 8,000 people to move to gov reservation

  • 10% plan of reconstruction

    • offered amnesty and full restoration of rights (no slaves) to all white southern if they took loath of loyalty to union

      • (but they promised)

    • 10% of people (by people i men white men) had to take vow then they would be allowed to re-elect state government required to abolish slavery

  • 3/5ths compromise

    • 3/5ths of slave population counted when determining states total population for legislation representation

• People

  • John k Polk

    • reduced tariffs

    • reestablished the independent treasury system

    • settled Oregon ownership and brought California to union

    • accomplished all goals

  • George B McClellan

    • took over command of Unions army and whipped his men into shape

  • Freedman’s Bureau

    • supposed to establish schools provide to the poor and aged settle disputes between whites and blacks

    • along with securing equal treatment

    • only managed education and healthcare

  • Andrew Johnson

    • returns all land to southern land owners

    • pardons all white land owners who pledged loyalty

    • veto’s a bill that would extend freedman’s bureau

    • veto’s the civil rights bill of 1866

    • congress overrules the civil rights bill veto

• Slavery

  • Civil war

    • 1861 slaves became contraband of war

    • war became called the freedom war

    • 1862 union arrival lead slaves to demand wages'

    • march 1862 congress prohibited army from returning slaves (fugitive act still in place and north still sending slaves to south until this point)

    • Second confiscation act

      • liberated slaves of union territory and salves who escaped to union lines

  • Bleeding Kansas

  • Compromise of 1850

  • Dred Scott

• Women?

  • what they did in the civil war with nursing sowing clothes and all the help provided

  • Clara Barter

    • organized supply lines and nursed wounded soldiers in northern Virginia

  • southern women began managing businesses

  • immigrant women were confined to factory jobs

  • American women began to get employment as office workers and telephone operatives

Unit 4 1865-1920 (when I started separate class notes still need to go through margins)

• Vocab

  • Robber Barons

    • wielded power w/o accountability and controlled monopoly’s

  • socialism

    • belief that private control of economic enterprises should be replaced with public ownership for a fairer distribution

  • bonza farms

    • covered acres and acres focused on growing on crop

    • expanded agricultural production

  • Redeemers

    • merchants planters and business entities dominated regions politics after 1877

  • Disenfranchisement

    • being deprived of right to vote many whites affected by new laws put in place and many groups mobilized

  • Yellow Press

    • promoted nationalist ideals the newspapers that did this

  • collective bargaining

    • process of negotiating between employer and a group of employees to regulate working conditions

  • pragmatism

    • insisted institutions and social politics be judged by efforts and not religious or political beliefs

  • social legislation

    • government action to address urban problems and the working class life

  • moral imperialism

    • foreign policy guided by morality and should teach other people about democracy

• Laws

  • Single tax

    • increase on value of real estate

  • Mann Act

    • banning travel of women over state lines for immoral purposes

  • Dawes act

    • broke up the land of nearly all tribes and placed them into small reserves

    • distributed some land to Native American Families and sold the rest to white people

  • civil service act of 1883

    • merit system for federal employees appointment with competitive exam rather than political influence

  • 1887 interstate commerce commission

    • ensured rates changed to farmers and merchants to transport goods

    • railroads had to give fair prices and did not offer favorable treatment to some/big shippers

  • 1895 US V EC Knight

    • co ruled Sherman antirust act of 1890 which barred monopolies in trade and acted to break them up

  • 1905 Lochner v New York

    • voided a state law which set 10hr days and 60 hr weeks as max for bakers

    • lead to more restriction and discrimination and less ability to argue for higher wages

  • Sherman antitrust act

    • prohibits activities that restrict interstate commerce and competition in the market place

  • gold standard act of 1900

    • fix standard of all forms of money

  • McKinly Tariff

    • raised average duty on imports to 50%

    • favored republicans

  • Dingley Tariff 1897

    • raised taxes counteracting the 1894 tariff which lowered rates

  • Plessy v Ferguson

    • separate but equal

  • muller v Oregon

    • gave government interest in working conditions of women

    • argued states should be allowed to enact laws to protect health

    • was un equal but better conditions for male workers as well

  • selective service act

    • 24 million men required to register with the draft

  • espionage act of 1917

    • prohibited spying on the US

    • aid spys

    • or mishandle information

  • sedition acts of 1918

    • crime to speak with disloyal, profane, scurrilous or abusive language about the US

  • Black v Bell

    • supreme court upheld house laws

    • tried to sue to prevent her sterilization as against her equal rights of protection

    • eugenics

• Big Stuff

  • Industrial economy

    • rapid expansion of factory production mining and railroad construction

    • majority of workers in farming jobs 1880

    • by 1890 2/3s of Americans worked for wages

    • manufacturing and industry boomed

    • creation of new products created a consumer markets

    • railroads were big invention made it easy to travel and ship goods

    • lots of injury’s and death due to factory work

  • Knights of Labor

    • first to try organized labor

    • put forth programs

  • Social Gospel

    • insisted freedom and spiritual self development required an equal distribution of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked Christian ideal of brotherhood

  • transcontinental railroad

    • brought thousands of new comers to the west

    • expanded farming mining and other enterprises

    • native Americans and plains were doomed

  • wounded knee massacre

    • president and troops received medal of honor in heroism

    • soldiers open fired during a ghost dance in wounded knee creek 150-200 dead mainly women and children

  • urban politics fell under sway of big corporations

  • populist platform

    • put forth a list of proposals to restore democracy and economic opportunity

    • efforts to unit black and white farmers

    • gov ownership of railroads preferred

  • workers really wanted better rights like common

    • American rail union refused to handle trains with pullman and boycott crippled the national rail service

    • Pullmen were on strike due to reduced wages

  • Spanish American War

    • first American army units to engage in combat outside the western hemisphere

  • Oregon system

    • initiative

      • direct legislation enabled citizenship to proposed and vote directly on laws

    • referendum

      • allowed for public policies be submitted to popular vote

    • recall

      • allowed for removal of public officials by popular vote

  • Wisconsin idea

    • series of measures

    • nominations for candidates through primary election

    • taxation of corporate wealth

    • state regulation of milroads and public utilities

  • maternalist reforms

    • rested on assumptions that gov should help women bearing and raising children and be economically independent at the time

  • fourteen points

    • by Woodrow Wilson

    • wanted this to happen after WWI

      • self determination for all peoples

      • freedom of the seas

      • free trade

      • open diplomacy and end to secret treaties

      • readjustment of colonial claims w/ colored people getting equal weigh in decisions

      • creation of a general association of nations to preserve peace

  • great migration

    • migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to north were jobs had become available

  • Red Scare

    • fear among many Americans after WWI of communism and non citizens

  • Versailles treaty

    • established Wilsons vision of a international regulating body

    • league of nations established

  • Hawaii became a state in 1959

    • capitalism controlling government to avoid tariffs

  • Alaska became a state in 1959

    • bought from Russia

  • Fordism

    • ford developed assembly lines

    • ford would pay higher wages

    • attracted stem of skilled laborers

  • socialist party

    • immediate reforms

    • free college and education

    • improve labor conditions

    • public ownerships of railroads and factories

• People

  • Andrew Carnegie

    • steel tycoon

    • established idea of controlling raw materials, transport, manufacturing and distribution (vertical integration)

    • also had idea of giving back to the people

    • promoted advancement of society

  • John Rockefeller

    • horizontal expansion

      • buying out oil refineries and then establish vertical integrated monopoly

  • united labor party

    • wanted to stop courts from barring strikes and jailing unionists for conspiracy

  • farmers alliance

    • sought to remedy condition

    • founded Texas 1870

    • in 43 states by 1890

    • wanted federal gov to establish warehouse

  • American federation of labor

    • reflected shift away from reformists and toward limited goals

    • represented the privileged American workers skilled industrial

  • jane Addams

    • founded hull house

    • settlement house devoted to improving areas of immigrant poor

      • hull house inspired reforms in Chicago

  • Woodrow Wilson

    • believed unions were an essential freedom

    • new freedom wanted to improve banking system lower tariffs break up monopolies

    • wanted federal government to strengthen antitrust laws/protect rights of workers to union

  • federal trade commission

    • replaced bureau of corporations as powerful tool to combat unfair processes and monopolies

    • laws for labor regulation business behavior, financial policy protected citizens from market abuse

  • Theodore Roosevelt

    • square deal

      • distinguished good and bad corporations

        • good= shared public interests

        • bad= greedy

    • big stick diplomacy

      • speak softly and carry a big stick

    • dollar diplomacy

      • promoted American influence through loans and economic investments

    • Roosevelt corollary

      • was an add on to the Monroe doctrine that US could interfere militarily to prevent expansion from Europe in western hemisphere

    • New nationalism

      • stressed gov activism regulation of trusts conservation

      • Heavy taxes on personal corporate fortunes federal regulation

    • Hepburn act

      • gave Interstate commerce commission the power to examine railroads business records and set reasonable rates

    • pure food and drug act

      • regulate manufacturing standards

      • in accurate labeling and dangerous additives

  • Progressive party

    • settlement house activists

    • labor reforms and social societies

    • women suffrage

    • federal supervision

    • health insurance for women and children

    • a living wage and social insurance covering unemployment medical care and old

• Women

  • Colorado and Idaho in 1890 give women right to vote

  • black women activists

    • national association of colored women

    • pressed for women’s rights

  • women’s clubs and temperance associations and social reform organizations

  • feminism shifted toward keeping racial and ethnic norms while arguing for women’s equality

  • Emma Goldman

    • immigrated toured country lecturing on subjects of anarchism, homosexuality, and regularly included birth control in her speeches

  • Margaret sanger

    • began/placed birth control movement at the heart of feminism

    • wrote about what every girl should know

    • opened a clinic that distributed birth control to poor

  • national women’s party

    • used militant tactics

    • Alice Paul and party used imprisonments and denunciations of the system compared Wilson to the kaiser

  • Seneca falls convention

    • declaration of sentiments

    • statements of grievances and demands calling women to petition for rights

    • condemned position of women’s in household

• Civil Rights

  • Native Americans

    • coexist from 1789-1828

    • remove to reservation 1829-1886

    • assimilation from 1887-1945

    • civil act of 1866 and the 14th-15th amendments did not apply to native Americans

    • Dawes act

    • bureau of Indian Affairs

      • Wanted self determination and to be granted full citizenship and constitution of other Americans

  • Black Rights

    • upper south had industry lower had plantations

    • black social networks able to grow

    • became more restricted black men turned away from politics

    • rise of lynching in south areas

    • Roosevelt-appointed blacks to federal offices

    • Wilson-segregated federal departments

    • souls of the black folk

      • issued call for dissatisfied blacks to pressure equal rights

    • NAACP

      • national association for the advancement of colored people

    • UNIA

      • universal negro improvement association

      • movement for African independence and black self revival

    • Bailey v Alabama

      • made it legal for sharecroppers to break labor contracts by overturning peonage laws

    • Tulsa Riot

      • 300 blacks killed 10,000 left homeless after white mob and police burned black section of city

  • immigration restriction

    • 1894 made distinction between old and new immigrants

    • 1897 illiterate barred from US

    • 1903 list of persons to bar from US

      • idiots insane and many states didnt allow them to vote

    • Chinese exclusion act 1882

      • congress temporarily excluded all immigration from China from entering country made permanent in 1902

      • US v Wong Kin

        • awarded citizenship to Chinese or added them to 14th amendment

Unit 5 1920-1945

• Vocab

  • flapper

    • the ideal of women’s behavior changed

    • and epitomized ideal of sexual behavior

  • isolationism

    • American actions designed to engage exports and investment opportunities over sea

  • fundamentalism

    • conservative social problems upholds direct interpretation of the bible

  • illegal alien

    • introduced border patrol arresting and deporting persons who entered country

  • hoover villes

    • ramshackle towns

  • dust bowl

    • great plains top soil blown away from packed farm lands followed by migration of farmers

  • welfare state

    • refers to system of income assistance health coverage and social services for all citizens

  • popular font

    • communist party sought to ally itself with socialists

  • holocaust

    • systematic racist attempt to exterminate jews of Europe

  • decolonization

    • process of African colonies of European empires became independent free world should not have colonies or empires

  • totalitarianism

    • describes aggressive ideologically driven states seek to subdue all of civil society to control

    • no room for individual rights

• Laws

  • Sheppard Towner act of 1921

    • provided federal assistance to train women for infant and child health care

  • Schenck v US

    • unanimously held conviction of Eugene v Debs

  • scopes trial

    • teacher arrested for teaching about Charles Darwin

    • reflected on tension between fundamentalisms and civil liberties union

  • Mayer v Nebraska

    • expanded freedom of immigrant groups

  • Smoot Hawley tariff

    • raised tariff worsening the depression by raising prices and discouraging trade

  • emergency banking act

    • reopened banks with strict conditions

    • took US off gold standard

  • glass Stegall

    • bared commercial banks from joining stock market

  • national industrial recovery act

    • created public works jobs created by federal emergency relief administration

    • established system of self relief

  • national recovery administration

    • created codes of fair competition and fair labor policies like minimum wage

  • Civilian Conservation Corps

    • unemployed men to work on projects

    • forest conservation, flood control, parks and reserves

  • Public works administration

    • constructed private company’s to build roads, bridges, school hospitals and public facilities

  • Tennessee valley authority

    • control flooding in the Tennessee river valley

  • Agricultural Administration Act

    • established administration to improve agriculture

    • prices, limiting market supplies,

  • federal housing administration

    • guaranteeing mortgages allowing lending to offer long term loans with low down payments

  • united states housing acts

    • effort to build homes for americans

  • fair labor standards bill

    • minimum wage

    • child labor goods barred from interstate commerce

  • Scottsboro case

    • 9 black youths convicted of raping 2 white women

    • verdicts established precedents in Powell v Alabama

    • adequate counsel must be appointed

  • GI bill of rights

    • provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from WWII

  • bracero program

    • thousands of Mexicans entered US for temporary agricultural jobs

    • inhabited labor organizations braceros could be deported at any time

  • executive order 9066

    • allowed for relocation of all Japanese Americans

    • Japanese internment showed how war causes the loss of rights

  • Korematsu V US

    • denied order that banned persons of Japanese ancestry from west coast was arrested and in internment

  Big Stuff

  • free pot dome

    • secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the secretary of the interior

  • Harlem renaissance

    • lead writers to roots of black experience

    • folk tradition and urban life

  • reconstruction finance corporation

    • federal program established hoover to loan money to banks and other institution to help overt bankruptcy

  • congress of industrial organization

    • umbrella organizations of unions formed

    • part of sit down strike for better workers rights

  • works progress administration

    • provided jobs for millions of unemployed construction and arts projects

  • Wagner act

    • established national labor relations board and unionization resulted in employment and bargaining practices

  • social security act

    • provisions for retirement pension unemployment disability insurance and public assistance

  • federal housing administration

    • insured mortgages contained clauses barring future sellers to non white buyers

  • good neighbor policy

    • proclaimed by FDR in 1933 sought improved diplomatic relations between US and Latin America

  • Navajo code talkers

    • used the Navajo language because Japanese couldn’t decipher

    • very important to the war and forgotten a bit

  • Manhattan project

    • they makin a bomb

    • an atomic bomb

  • Yalta Conference

    • FDR and Winston Churchill and Stalin to discuss postwar world

  • iron curtain

    • described cold war between western and soviet union as a line between the two communist and other community’s

    • divide between western Europe and eastern Europe

    • satellite nations created a buffer zone

  • Truman Doctrine

    • suggested US had a global responsibility to stop communism

    • political approach to dealing with communism

    • US would provide aid to anti communist nations

    • response to stop communism in country’s like Greece and Turkey

  • Marshall Plan

    • us program for reconstruction of post WWII Europe through massive aid to former energy nations as well as allies

    • also to stop communism by giving resources to said country’s that were hit hard by the war

    • economic approach to communism

    • George Marshall

    • US capitalism and democracy took over Europe

    • soviets refused Marshall Plan money

  • Berlin Blockade

    • North Atlantic Treaty organization

      • founded by western European powers US and Canada to deter soviet expansion

    • Berlin Airlift

      • US lifted over supplies and such to the people in berlin after it was divided

  • fair deal

    • domestic reform proposals of Truman administration included civil rights legislation national health insurance and repeal of the Taft and Hartley act

    • Taft and Hartley act

      • 1947 law passed

      • number of provisions passed to western labor unions including banning or closed shops

  • Operation Dixie

    • unionized workers in the south

    • Dixie cats

      • southern delegates who walked out of 1948

      • support of civil rights legislation

  • Hiroshima and Nagasaki

    • 200,000 people died august of 1945

    • US developed atomic bombs to use against the Japanese first use of nuclear warfare

    • America was a major super power when this happened

• People

• Women

• Civil Rights

  • Equal Right Amendment

    • proposed to eliminate all legal discrimination on account of sex

    • women needed equal access to education opportunities and employment

  • American civil liberties union

    • take part in landmark cases which helped bring about a right revolution

  • NAACP

    • asked to inspect us racism on basis of human rights violation

    • they weren’t allowed

  • bureau of Indian affairs

    • increased areas native Americans had

    • relief programs

    • employed Native Americans

  • Filipino reparation act

    • Filipinos left and couldn’t return unless they immigrated again

    • very very rude America

  • last hired first fired

  • Double V

    • became a war for civil rights at home and abroad

• think MOIST with after WII

  • Mistrust

  • Opposing Ideologies

  • Super Power goals

  • Territorial Competition

Unit 6 1945-Today

• Vocab

  • Filibuster

    • someone who would talk and waste time in congress so action couldn’t be made and laws not passed

  • stagflation

    • when there is recession, high unemployment and inflation makes the stagflation

  • real politicks

    • practical politics

    • non ideological

    • trade with people even if not same political system/ we disagree

    • communism isn’t world wide movement

• Laws

  • Civil rights act of 1964

    • same requirements for voting

    • prohibited discrimination in public spaces

    • ended separate but equal

    • withheld funds from business who practiced discrimination in hiring processes

    • bans discrimination on sex, race, gender, religion, or country or origin.

  • Voting Rights Act of 1965

    • federal officials can register voters when locals block blacks and and others

    • eliminated literary tests

• Big Stuff

  • Red Scare

    • turning people on each other

    • extremism

    • makes everyone think that anyone and everyone could be a communist spy

  • 1968 post war

    • economic boom is over hippie culture moral decay and economic collapse

  • 1969 my lai massacre

    • us soldiers went and massacred a village of innocent people gov tried and failed to cover it up

      • this was a nono

  • 1970 Cambodia bombing

    • thought that north Vietnamese would go to Cambodia and bombed the area

      • twas also a nono

  • Crisis of Confience

    • was a speech to the public to calm their nerves and address problems wasnt really good

    • was done by nixon

      • face the truth

      • have faith

      • find common purpose

      • help the poor/conserve energy

  • Iranian Hostage Crisis

    • seize US embassy capture 52 Americans

    • held for 444 days

    • released when Reagan takes office

  • The Great Society

    • Medicare

      • federal health insurance for any one 65 and older

    • Medicaid

      • federal and state program gives people health coverage if they have limited income and resources

    • support for art and humanities

    • Water Quality Act 1965

      • national water standards

    • Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act

      • formed the first vehicle emission standards

    • Elementary and secondary education Act

      • funded preschools

      • school libraries

      • purchased school text books

      • provided special education services

    • Housing and Urban Development act of 1965

      • federal funds to cities for urban renewal and development

      • had to establish minimum housing standards

      • easier access to mortgages and controversial rent subsidy program

    • immigration and naturalization act passed 1965

      • ended immigration nationality quotas

      • focused on reuniting families

      • placed limits on immigrants per country and total immigration

• Black Rights Movement

  • Montgomery boycott

    • black people of Montgomery Alabama refused to ride a bus to work or for other reasons

      • Introduction of MLK jr

  • Emmet Till Murder

    • Chicago black boy murdered in Mississippi for smiling and talking to a white women when he was visiting his aunt

    • taken by her father and husband who murdered and dumbed his disfigured body jury was all white and decided that he was not guilty

  • Sit ins

    • sitting in dinners or public areas subject to ridicule and physical violence and refused to move until they were served

  • Freedom Rights

    • north college youths riding down to south to support black rights

    • were met with violence and attacks from southern community members

  • Birmingham

    • held peaceful non violent protests in the city and were attacked by violent means of dogs, police and hoses

  • Washington march 1963

    • marched across a bridge in protest and ended in the I have a dream speech

• People

  • Joseph McCarthy

    • made red scare worse with McCarthyism

    • had a list with communist spy’s on it used it to take control and cause chaos

  • Hollywood ten

    • ten actors who refused to submit for questioning about communism calling it stupid and paranoid

  • Rosenberg’s

    • husband and wife in government believed to be selling info to Russia

      • no one thought it could be the Nazis that they hired

  • Alger hiss

    • government official defamed during red scare and believed to be a communist

  • MLK jr

  • Richard Nixon

    • recognizes and visits china as a world power

    • covers up break in at the DNC the Democratic party meeting spot

    • smooths tension btwn USSR and US

      • Strategic arms limitation talk

    • Gerald Ford

      • conflict with middle east begins

      • OPEC cuts off oil in US in 1978 gas prices soared

    • Jimmy Carter

      • oh bless your heart

      • committed to human rights

      • returned Panama canal

      • brought Israel and Egypt together for camp Davis accords

      • Crisis of Confidence

      • Iranian Hostage crisis

        • who are returned as soon as Reagan is in office

    • Ronald Reagan

• Women

  • Rosa Parks

    • was the symbol of the common working women

    • started Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give her seat to a white man

  • Betty Friedam

    • feminine mystique in the feminist/women rights activist since 1960’s

    • total equality is to choose how your life is lived

basic exam tips given by teachers

Writing Prep/Knowledge

feel like nauseous i know its from lack of food but eating might make it worse the question is do i eat?????????