SOCL 2001 exam 3 (prof slack LSU)

using slides from weeks 9-12

racial groups

Groupings based on social significant physical characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry

ethnic groups

Groupings based on common geographic origin and distinctive cultural characteristics (i.e., language, religion, dress, and other customs)

racism

The attribution of superiority or inferiority based on race

discrimination

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups

Institutional racism/discrimination

Racism or discrimination that is built into the workings of societal institutions, can exist without express intention

sex

Biological and anatomical differences, especially based on reproductive organs and structures, distinguishing males from females

gender

Socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity; presentation of self and social expectations

gender binary

Classification of gender into two discrete and non-overlapping forms of masculine and feminine

nonbinary

A gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female binary classification

transgender

Identification/expression of a gender identity that differs from their sex at birth

gender roles

to the range of behaviors that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person’s sex

the “second shift”

Balancing demands of work outside the home with work inside the home

conflict perspective on gender stratification

• Gender relations are characterized by unequal power

• Men, specifically of the dominant gender and sexual orientation, hold greater power in most societies compared to women

• Gender inequality is a result of this power differential

functionalist perspective on gender stratification

• •Gender-role differentiation contributes to social stability

• Clarifies role expectations

  • Ex) Helps define the division of labor in the economy and the household

symbolic interactionist perspective on gender stratification

• Gender relations best understood by observing micro-level interactions

• How through our interactional experience do we develop gendered ideas of self and society?

• How does this interactional experience lead us to understand gendered inequality?

social institutions

• Basic modes of social activity followed by vast majority of members of society

• Involve norms and values to which large numbers conform

• Protected by strong sanctions

• Important “bedrock” in society because key in structuring social behavior

capitalism

• Increasingly dominant form of the economic organization worldwide

• Reliance on the market versus other means of production and distribution

• Relies on private ownership of the means of production and distribution

• The main incentive is the accumulation of profit

socialism

• Relies on social ownership of the means of production and distribution (e.g., State Socialism, where government owns; or Cooperative Socialism, where workers own)

• Greater emphasis on redistribution and the welfare state

• Can take market and non-market (state) forms

globalization

• Increasing interdependence of national economies

• Increasing transnational flows of people, goods, services, capital, and culture

• Having a profound impact on work and culture around the globe

functionalist perspective on the economy and globalization

• The globalization of capitalism is functional for the world system

• Allows nations to exercise their comparative advantage

• Resulting in the most efficient distribution of goods and services worldwide

conflict perspective on globalization and the economy

• Expanding domination of a global corporate elite

• Does not represent the best interests of the vast majority of people

• Represents a “race to the bottom”

deindustrialization

• Shift from goods-producing to service-based economy

• Job losses in manufacturing due to increased automation and lower wage rates in less developed countries

• Service sector includes wide-range of jobs that vary greatly in quality

the contingent workforce

• Rise in outsourcing, subcontracting, and temporary work contracts

• Increases flexibility for employers and workers

• Contingent workers tend to earn less and lack fringe benefits

• Most contingent workers indicate they would rather be standard employees

economic restructuring

• The economic opportunity structure facing American workers is rapidly changing

• Characterized by two trends:

• Deindustrialization

• Rise in contingent employment relations

nuclear family

• parents and unmarried children, typically living together

• The nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built

extended family

broader network of relatives connected through blood and marriage

family

two or more people living together, related by blood, marriage, or adoption

household

one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or other residential unit

master status

the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual

racial stratification

the social construction of race and the use of race to unequally distribute resources

manifest +intended function

the apparent and intended functions of institutions in society

latent + not intended function

less apparent, unintended, and often unrecognized functions in social institutions and processes