SOCL 2001 exam 3 (prof slack LSU)

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using slides from weeks 9-12

Sociology

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32 Terms

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racial groups

Groupings based on social significant physical characteristics and beliefs about common ancestry

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ethnic groups

Groupings based on common geographic origin and distinctive cultural characteristics (i.e., language, religion, dress, and other customs)

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racism

The attribution of superiority or inferiority based on race

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discrimination

The denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups

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Institutional racism/discrimination

Racism or discrimination that is built into the workings of societal institutions, can exist without express intention

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sex

Biological and anatomical differences, especially based on reproductive organs and structures, distinguishing males from females

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gender

Socially formed traits of masculinity and femininity; presentation of self and social expectations

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gender binary

Classification of gender into two discrete and non-overlapping forms of masculine and feminine

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nonbinary

A gender identity that does not fit squarely into the male-female binary classification

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transgender

Identification/expression of a gender identity that differs from their sex at birth

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gender roles

to the range of behaviors that are generally considered acceptable, appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that person’s sex

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the “second shift”

Balancing demands of work outside the home with work inside the home

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conflict perspective on gender stratification

  • Gender relations are characterized by unequal power

  • Men, specifically of the dominant gender and sexual orientation, hold greater power in most societies compared to women

  • Gender inequality is a result of this power differential

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functionalist perspective on gender stratification

  • Gender-role differentiation contributes to social stability

  • Clarifies role expectations

    • Ex) Helps define the division of labor in the economy and the household

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symbolic interactionist perspective on gender stratification

  • Gender relations best understood by observing micro-level interactions

  • How through our interactional experience do we develop gendered ideas of self and society?

  • How does this interactional experience lead us to understand gendered inequality?

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social institutions

  • Basic modes of social activity followed by vast majority of members of society

  • Involve norms and values to which large numbers conform

  • Protected by strong sanctions

  • Important “bedrock” in society because key in structuring social behavior

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capitalism

  • Increasingly dominant form of the economic organization worldwide

  • Reliance on the market versus other means of production and distribution

  • Relies on private ownership of the means of production and distribution

  • The main incentive is the accumulation of profit

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socialism

  • Relies on social ownership of the means of production and distribution (e.g., State Socialism, where government owns; or Cooperative Socialism, where workers own)

  • Greater emphasis on redistribution and the welfare state

  • Can take market and non-market (state) forms

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globalization

  • Increasing interdependence of national economies

  • Increasing transnational flows of people, goods, services, capital, and culture

  • Having a profound impact on work and culture around the globe

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functionalist perspective on the economy and globalization

  • The globalization of capitalism is functional for the world system

  • Allows nations to exercise their comparative advantage

  • Resulting in the most efficient distribution of goods and services worldwide

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conflict perspective on globalization and the economy

  • Expanding domination of a global corporate elite

  • Does not represent the best interests of the vast majority of people

  • Represents a “race to the bottom”

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deindustrialization

  • Shift from goods-producing to service-based economy

  • Job losses in manufacturing due to increased automation and lower wage rates in less developed countries

  • Service sector includes wide-range of jobs that vary greatly in quality

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the contingent workforce

  • Rise in outsourcing, subcontracting, and temporary work contracts

  • Increases flexibility for employers and workers

  • Contingent workers tend to earn less and lack fringe benefits

  • Most contingent workers indicate they would rather be standard employees

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economic restructuring

  • The economic opportunity structure facing American workers is rapidly changing

  • Characterized by two trends:

  • Deindustrialization

  • Rise in contingent employment relations

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nuclear family

  • parents and unmarried children, typically living together

  • The nucleus or core upon which larger family groups are built

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extended family

broader network of relatives connected through blood and marriage

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family

two or more people living together, related by blood, marriage, or adoption

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household

one or more people who occupy a house, apartment, or other residential unit

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master status

the social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an individual

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racial stratification

the social construction of race and the use of race to unequally distribute resources

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manifest +intended function

the apparent and intended functions of institutions in society

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latent + not intended function

less apparent, unintended, and often unrecognized functions in social institutions and processes